Download World History - PI - C.4

Chapter 4 – First Age of Empires – 1570 -200 B.C. –
Section I – Egyptian and Nubian Empires –
A – Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt –
1 – post-Middle Kingdom (2050 – 1785 B.C.) – war and violence –
a – causes –
1 – weak ……………………………… 2 – power struggles between ……………………….. –
b – Hyksos – c.1800 – 1600 B.C. –
1 – literally – “……………………………………….” –
2 – capital city – …………………….. – eastern part of Nile Delta –
3 – militarily superior to Egyptians –
a – ………………………….. – (unknown to Egyptians) –
b – ……………………………………… c – …………………………………. –
4 – Hyksos and other invaders – lasting impression – Egyptians learned
a – to ………………….. –
b – to ……………………… 5 – c.1600 B.C. – warlike rulers began to drive Hyksos out of Egypt –
B – New Kingdom of Egypt – (c.1575 – 1080 B.C.) –
1 – …………………………. - ……………………………. - ………………………………. –
a – represented reaction to Hyksos domination –
b – chief ministers (………………………..) – usually generals –
c – all officials appointed/controlled by pharaohs – army – archers – chariots – infantry –
2 – Hatshepsut – (r.1473 – 1458 B.C.) – first great queen –
a – daughter of Thutmose I – no sons by royal wife –
b – ruled as ………………….. for Thutmose III (stepson) – too young to govern –
c – had self crowned pharaoh –
d – paid closest attention to …………………………………. –
1 – expanded trade to ………….. – (modern Somalia or Ethiopia) –
2 – ships returned with …………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 – Thutmose III – (r.1479 – 1425 B.C.) – dates of reign include 22 years as co-regent with Hatshepsut
a – eager for power – may have murdered Hatshepsut –
b – conquered ………………………. –
c – pushed Egyptian frontier to easternmost point at northern Euphrates River –
4 – Ramses II – [c.1304 – 1212 B.C. (r.1279 – 1212 B.C.)] –
a – famous for ……………………………………….. –
b – signed first ……………………………………….. with Hittite king (1269 B.C.) –
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c – after gaining peace focused on massive building program –
1 – Thebes – first monumental capital city –
a – power/wealth of Egypt reflected by palaces, temples and obelisks –
2 – enlarged temples at ……………………………………….. –
3 – built enormous temples at …………………………………………… (Nubia) –
C – Kushites Conquer the Nile Region –
1 – People of Nubia –
a – location – between first ………………………. of Nile into …………………….. and
………………………………… b – Nubia – trade corridor – linked Egypt and Med. World to African interior and Red Sea –
good/ideas flowed for centuries (………………………………………) –
c – era of New Kingdom (1575 – 1080 B.C.) – pharaohs imposed Egyptian rule on Kush –
strong cultural influence on Nubia –
1 – Nubian capital – …………………………. – focal point for spread of Egyptian culture
to Kush trading partners –
2 – Kush princes studied Egyptian culture – ………………………………………………….
………………………………………………… d – c.1200 B.C. – Egypt declined – Kush regained independence – admired Egyptian culture –
guarded Egyptian culture by conquering Egypt to protect against other invaders –
D – Golden Age of Meroe –
1 – following defeat by Assyrians – Kushite royal family moved south to ………………………. –
a – became major trade center – ……………………………………………………….. –
2 – wealth of Kush –
a – Meroe
1 – enjoyed abundant …………………….. –
2 – significant deposits – ……………………………….. –
3 – became manufacturing center – ……………………………………………………….. –
b – export – by donkeys to Red Sea – ……………………….. –
c – import – ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 – decline of Meroe –
a – 250 B.C. – 150 A.D. – ………………………………….. –
b – post-150 A.D. – decline …………………………….. –
c – Aksum (Axum) – 400 miles south of Meroe –
1 – had seaport (………………………) on Red Sea –
2 – came to dominate North African Trade –
End of Section I
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Section II – The Assyrian Empire –
A – Assyrians – “……………………………………………….” – mighty military machine –
1 – origin – northern Mesopotamia –
2 – military organization –
a – soldiers – armor – ……………………………… - ………………………………….. –
b – siege machinery –
1 – ……………………………. – undermined city walls –
2 – iron-tipped ………………………………… 3 – controlled conquered people through
a – systematic …………………………… and ………………………………………………… B – empire expands –
1 – 850 – 650 B.C. – gained control of ………………………………………………………………… 2 – governmental control – kings appointed governors – reported directly to king –
a – conquered peoples – paid ………………………………… 1 – refusal to pay – ………………………………………………. –
3 – Assyrian culture –
a – borrowed heavily from others – unified diverse elements –
b – originality seen in ………………….. and ………………………………………….. –
1 – dealt with Assyrian ideals of ………………………………………………………
……………………… - (……………………………………………………………) –
“Assyrian” – synonymous with brutality – no more so than other people of Near East (Middle East) –
difference – Assyrian publicized brutality –
c – women –
1 – confined to ………………………………….. –
2 – in public – ……………………………… d – capital city – ……………………………… - (…………………………………..) –
1 – contained great library – …………………………………………………… C – empire crumbles –
1 – causes – empire – too large – spread resources too thin – too many ………………………… 2 – last great Assyrian ruler – …………………………………………. (685 – 627 B.C.) –
a – soon after death – Nineveh fell –
3 – decline and fall –
a – 612 B.C. – army of Medes and Chaldeans burned/leveled (…………….) Nineveh –
4 – Chaldeans –
a – sometimes called “………………………………………………..” –
b – King Nebuchadnezzar (r.605 – 562 B.C.) –
1 – power reached ……………………………… 2 – empire – Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea – (…………………………………………) –
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3 – made Babylon most beautiful city in ancient Near East –
a – walls – ……………………………. –
b – 100 bronze gates –
c – Hanging Gardens – (75’ high) –
1 – artificial mountain – several terraces supported by ……………………. –
2 – created for one of Nebuchadnezzar’s wives – missed mountain birth place –
3 – water pumped from …………………………………………. –
d – Ziggurat – highest building in Babylon – ……………………………………. –
c – greatest contribution to civilization – ……………………………………… 1 – forecast …………………………………… 2 – identified signs of …………………………….. –
3 – calendar – …………………………………. –
4 – computed length of …………………………………. –
5 – identified phases of ……………………….. –
6 – determined
a – tilt of earth on ………………………… b – concept of ………………………….. –
End of Section II
Section III – Persian Empire –
A – Rise of Persia 1 – introduction –
a – basis of Assyrian hegemony (predominance) – …………………………………….. –
b – basis of Persian hegemony –
1 – …………………………………………………. –
2 – policies backed up by ………………………………………………. –
c – original homeland – southwestern edge of …………………………………….. –
1 – resources –
a – ………………….. farmland –
b – minerals – …………………………………………………………………………… 2 – Cyrus II (the Great) – (r.559 – 530 B.C.) –
a – military genius – increased empire’s territory - ……………………………………………….. –
b – excellent leader –
1 – ………………… toward conquered people –
2 – Persian troops – forbidden – ………………………………………. –
3 – conquered people retained ………………………………… c – 530 B.C. – killed in battle Page 4
B – Persian rule –
1 – Cambyses II – (r.530 – 522 B.C.) – son of Cyrus II –
a – conquered Egypt – ruled harshly – e.g., burned images of Egyptian gods –
b – died 522 B.C. – rebellions throughout empire – Persian control – …………………….. –
2 – Darius I – (r.522 – 486 B.C.) –
a – post-6th century B.C. – support of army required for king to be successful –
b – 522 B.C. – Darius (noble of ruling dynasty) received support of elite 10,000 man unit –
……………………………………… c – administration –
1 – twenty administrative districts – …………………….. –
2 – provincial governor – appointed by king – title “………………………..” – noble or
member of royal family –
a – …………………………………………….. –
b – administered ……………………………… c – provided men for army –
3 – “……………………………………………………..” –
a – inspectors sent out by king –
b – checked on satraps – done to ensure loyalty of officials –
4 – good network of roads –
a – enhance ……………………………. –
b – rapid movement of …………………………… c – promote ………………………….. –
d – “…………………………….” – ………………………………………… - 1680 miles –
1 – every 14 miles – stations – provide travelers with food, water, fresh water and
fresh horses –
2 – royal messengers – one way – ……………………………. –
5 – uniform system of justice –
6 – conquered people – retained ‘freedom’ and self government – required to pay ……………...
7 – economic unity –
a – coins (adopted from ………………………..) – replaced …………………….. – of evil
helped to promote ………………………… b – uniform system – ………………………………………….. –
C – Persian legacy –
1 – Zoroastrianism – founder Zoroaster – 570 B.C. –
a – two forces in world –
1 – Ahura Mazda –
a – force of good – truth – light –
b – symbol – fire – represent …………………………………………………. –
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2 – Ahriman –
a – force of evil – deceit – darkness –
b – end of time – Ahura Mazda triumphs over Ahriman – followers condemned to
……………………………………………………. –
b – teachings of Zoroaster contained in ……………………………………….. –
c – Zoroastrianism – …………………………………………….. – because of emphasis on
………………………………………………… 1 – affected/influenced Judeo-Christian thought – because of emphasis on
a – …………………………………………. –
b – …………………………. –
c – ……………………………………………… End of Section III
Section IV – Unification of China –
A – Confucius and the Social Order –
1 – Confucius (551 – 479 B.C.) – Kong Fuzi – China’s most influential scholar –
2 – basic concepts –
a – social harmony and good government would exist when people lived according to principles
of ethics – i.e., ………………………………………………………. –
b – principle for (good) conduct – …………………………………. –
“Do not do unto others what you yourself do not want.”
3 – Five Relationships –
a – stressed importance of …………………………………………… b – …………………………………………….. –
c – …………………………………………….. –
d – ………………………………………… e – ………………………………………………………… f – ……………………………………………… g – code of conduct governed each relationship – example
1 – ruler –
a – duty to rule ………………………… b – set example for …………………………………. –
2 – subject – duty to be ……………………. and ………………………… 4 – most important (basic) relationship concerned family –
a – ………………………………. – children’s respect for parents and ancestors –
5 – important part of Confucian teaching – respect for tradition –
a – influence of Confucius caused Chinese to dislike (sharp) changes in way(s) of life –
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6 – Confucian ideas helped relax rigidity of Chinese class structure –
a – emphasis on …………………………………….. –
b – people believed merit as human being depended on behavior – not rank or birth –
7 – Confucius’ teachings contained in work entitled “……………………………….” –
B – Daoism –
1 – founder – Laozi (Lao Tzu) – name means “………………………….” –
a – lived at same time as Confucius –
b – taught – people could achieve inner peace by following the “Dao” – (“…………………”) –
2 – Dao –
a – people should live simply in harmony with nature –
b – not try to change what happens to them – when injured/insulted – be humble and kind –
c – rejected formal social structures –
d – rejected idea people must fill specific roles in society –
3 – Laozi believed people better off with minimal ……………………………… “The more there are laws, the more there will be thieves.”
“Luxury breeds envy, and envy brings strife.”
C – Legalism –
1 – opposed Confucian ideas – rejected Confucian idea of leading by example –
2 – Legalists emphasized importance of
a – ……………………………. –
b – …………………………………………. –
3 – developed from teachings of Hanfeizi (280 – 233 B.C.) and Li Si – (280 – 208 B.C.) a – humans – evil by nature b – humans required government to be …………………………………………….. –
4 – Legalism – popular among …………………….. –
a – basis of support – provided justification for ………………………………….. –
5 – Legalists – like modern …………………………. –
a – no belief – ……………………………………………………… b – believed power maintained and secured at any cost – including ………………………. –
6 – Legalist legacy – reflected in harsh laws and punishments inflicted on China’s peasants –
D – Qin Dynasty unifies China – (221 – 206 B.C.) –
1 – first dynasty to unite all of China – China derives its name from this dynasty –
2 – dynasty established by Shihuangdi – (Qin Shihuangdi) –
a – name means “…………………………………………….” –
b – very capable – very strong – great vitality –
c – power – absolute – authority over people – complete –
d – governed by …………………………… principles –
1 – with concept – humans are ……………….. – not interested in acting in best interests
of whole community –
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2 – advocated
a – ruler must hold all power –
b – power of ruler reinforced by ………………………………………………. –
3 – Shihuangdi united all of China by
a – uniform system – .................................................................................................................. –
b – built network of roads (4000+ miles) – bridges – canals –
1 – forced labor – gangs of peasants –
2 – purpose – …………………………………………………………………………………. –
4 – economy –
a – irrigation – increased farm production –
b – trade – merchants prospered –
c – regime unpopular – harsh taxes and repressive government –
5 – strengthened power of central government – destroyed power of nobles –
a – made all noble families live in capital city –
b – appointed officials to replace nobles –
c – organized China into 36 military provinces –
d – form of government established by Shihuangdi remained (basically) unchanged in most of
China until 20th century –
6 – authoritarian/totalitarian actions –
a – Shihuangdi attempted to erase Confucian ideas from minds of people –
1 – ordered Confucian books burned –
a – fostered ……………………………….. – (old ways) –
b – described Zhou system as …………………………………………… During the Qin Dynasty the idea that a state exists for the good of the people became less important than the
power of the ruler.
b – 213 B.C. – ordered all books burned – except those dealing with “……………………”
subjects – e.g., …………………………………………. –
7 – Shihuangdi began construction of Great Wall of China a – goal – protect northern and southern borders –
b – length – 1500 miles (eventually 5500 miles) –
c – materials – ……………………………………………………………. –
d – “every stone cost a human life” –
1 – wall built by 300,000 peasants – thousands died –
8 – end of dynasty –
a – Qin Shihuangdi viewed as ……………………… - lost …………………………………. –
1 – nobles angry – destroyed ……………………………….. –
2 – scholars hated – ……………………………………. –
3 – peasants – …………………………………. –
b – 210 B.C. – Shihuangdi died – dynasty soon ended –
End of Chapter 4