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CUSTOMER_CODE
SMUDE
DIVISION_CODE
SMUDE
EVENT_CODE
APR2016
ASSESSMENT_CODE BC5901_APR2016
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
5470
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain reasoning or inference process/engine of Expert
system.
IF-then rules ( 2 marks)
Forward chaining 1 mark
Backward chaining 1 mark
Inference engines or procedures 1 mark
Knowledge base 1 mark
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Inference process
Match phase 2 marks
Select phase mark
Execute phase 1 mark
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
5475
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain the various methods in which a system can learn by
Problem Solving
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
a.Learning by Parameter Adjustment (4 Marks)
b.Learning by Macro operators (3 Marks)
c.Learning by Chunking (3 Marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
72575
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain the brief history of AI and Importance of AI
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
History Of AI
- 6 marks
AI began to emerge as a separate field of study during 1940s and
1950 when the computer became a commercial reality. Prior to this
time, a number of important areas of research that would later
shape early work on AI were beginning to mature.
Firstly, during 1920s and 1930s there was the work of logicians such
as Alonzo Church, Kurt Godel. It helped to produce formalized
methods for reasoning, the form of logic known as predicate calculus
. it demonstrated that facts and ideas from a language such as
English could be formally described and manipulated mechanically
in meaningful ways. Turing, sometimes regarded as the father of AI,
also demonstrated, as early as 1936, that a simple computer
processor could manipulate symbols as well as numbers
During 1940s and 1950s, Norbert Wiener, coined the term
Cybernetics. Cybernetics is the study of communication in human
and machine and it brought together many parallels between human
and machine
Although the computer provided the technology necessary for AI, it
was not until the early 1950’s that the link between human
intelligence and machines was really observed. Norbert Wiener was
one of the first American to make observations on the principle of
feedback theory. The most familiar example of feedback theory is
the thermostat.
In late 1955, Newell and Simon developed The Logic Theorist,
considered by many to be the first AI program. The program,
representing each problem as a tree model, would attempt to solve it
by selecting the branch that would most likely result in the correct
conclusion.
In 1956, John McCarthy organized a conference , “The Dartmouth
summer research project on artificial Intelligence” from that point
on, because of McCrathy, the field would be known as Artificial
Intelligence
Importance of AI
- 4 marks
AI may be one of the most important developments of this century.
It will affect the lives of most individuals in civilized countries and
countries leading in the development of AI by then will emerge as
the dominant economic powers of the world.
The Japanese launched a very ambitious program in AI research
and development, known as the fifth generation, this plan was
officially announced in October 1981. It calls for the implementation
of a ten-year plan to develop intelligent super computers.
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
72578
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain different kinds of knowledge needed to represent AI systems.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Objects: Facts about objects in our world domain.
-2 marks
Eg: Guitars have strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
Events: Actions that occur in our world.
-2 marks
Eg: Kapil Dev played cricket for India at Mohali Cricket stadium
against Australia.
Performance: A behavior like playing the cricket involves knowledge
about how to do things.
-1 marks
Meta – knowledge: Knowledge about what we know.
Eg: Bobrow’s Robot who plans’s a trip. It knows that it can read street
signs along the way to find out where it is.
-2
marks
Facts: Truths about the real world and what we represent. This can be
regarded as the knowledge level.
Representation of the facts: Which we manipulate. This can be
regarded as the symbol level since we usually define the
representation in terms of symbols that can be manipulated by
programs.
-3 marks
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
72582
QUESTION_TEXT
Write a simple hill climbing algorithm and Write a steepest – Ascent
hill climbing algorithm.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Simple hill climbing algorithm
- 5 marks
Evaluate the initial state. If it is also a goal state, then return it and
quit, otherwise continue with the initial state as the current state.
Loop until a solution is found or until there are no operator left to
be applied in the current state.
Select an operator that has not yet been applied to the current state
and apply it to produce a new state.
Evaluate the new state.
If it is goal state, then return it and quit.
If it is not a goal state, but it is better than the current state, then
make it the current state.
If it is not better than the current state, then continue in the loop.
steepest – Ascent hill climbing algorithm
- 5 marks
Evaluate the initial state. If it is also a goal state, then return it and
quit. Otherwise, continue with initial state as the current state.
Loop until a solution is found or until a complete iteration
produces no change to current state:
Let SUCC be a state such that any possible successor of the current
state will be better than SUCC.
For each operator that applies to the current state do:
Apply the operator and generate a new state.
Evaluate the new state. If it is a goal state, then return it and quit.
If not compare it to SUCC. If it is better, then set SUCC to this
state, if it is not better, leave SUCC alone.
If the SUCC is better than the current state, then set current state to
SUCC.
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
113526
Explain the Advances of AI in the following areas:
QUESTION_TEXT
a.
Chess
b.
Speech
c.
Vision
d.
Expert Systems
2½ marks each
a) chess: Chess is an AI problem par excellence. It illustrates and illuninates
many problems that arise in AI and leads to techniques that can be
generalized to work on other problems.....
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
b) Speech: Speech recognition has a long history of being one of the difficult
problems in AI and Computer Science. ....
c)
Vision: Explanation
d)
Expert Systems: Explanation