Download Plant Structure - Madison County Schools

Pre-AP Plant Structure/function review KEY
1. Describe the differences between monocots and dicots for the following features.
a. Number of cotyledons:
b. Root structure:
c. Leaf veins:
d. Vascular bundle arrangement:
e. Number of flower petals:
2. In number 1, you described the vascular bundle. The vascular bundle is responsible for the secondary growth of
a plant. Answer the following questions concerning the vascular bundle/secondary growth.
a. What are the 2 types of vascular tissue, and what do they move?
Phloem moves food (sugar/ glucose) from leaves to the rest of the plant
Xylem moves water from roots (root hairs) up through the plant
b. What makes vascular tissue? (Hint: It is the type of tissue that divides to make secondary growth)
Lateral Meristem (only cells that do mitosis in plants are called meristemic tissue)
c. Which direction is the plant growing during secondary growth?
Secondary growth makes thickness/girth
3. As you should recall, not all plant cells divide (unlike you where most all of your cells can divide to grow). You
should’ve noted in question #2 that cells that can divide in plants are called “meristemic” cells. You have already
answered questions about the type responsible for secondary growth. Now continue the explanation with these
questions concerning primary growth.
a. What type of cells is responsible for primary growth?
Apical meristem (they are the cells that divide at the tips of roots / shoots)
b. What direction is the plant during primary growth?
Primary growth adds length (to either roots or shoots)
4. How is a terminal bud different from an axillary bud?
Terminal bud is at the end of the plant; Axillary bud is growing from the side of the plant (BOTH ARE PRIMARY
GROWTH BECAUSE BOTH ADD LENGTH IN A DIRECTION)
5. Describe the purpose of the following types of plant modifications:
i. Stolon – These are above ground runners for asexual reproduction.
Strawberries plants are great for this.
ii. Rhizomes – These are below ground runners for asexual reproduction.
iii. Tubers – These are stems for starch (food) storage. (Like a potato.)
iv. Bulbs – These are starch storage leaves. (Like an onion.)
6. What are the 3 functions of the root for a plant?
a. Helps to anchor the plant to the ground or base.
b. Helps to absorb water and minerals for use by the plant.
c. Helps store food. (Starch – glucose monomers strung together. – Think carrot)
7. What is the purpose of root hairs?
Create more SURFACE AREA for water to be absorbed through
8. What are the 3 groups of major tissue types within a plant? What are their functions?
a.
Dermal (epidermis) -The “skin” basically.
i. It serves as protection for the plant against pathogens.
ii. It can contain root hairs, if it is on the underground portion of the plant.
iii. It can produce the cuticle (A waxy covering preventing dehydration.)(Above ground.)
b. Vascular - This tissue carries fluids. (Remember that our vascular tissue is veins/arteries)
i. Xylem  It carries water up to the leaves through dead, hollow cells.
ii. Phloem  It carries sugar water down toward the roots through living cells.
c. Ground Tissue - This is basically “filler” material. Just storage mostly.
i. Pith - Ground tissue located inside the vascular bundles.
ii. Cortex - Ground tissue located outside the vascular bundles.
9. What are the 3 life cycle lengths for plants?
a. Annuals – These plants live, flower, reproduce, and die within one year.
b. Biennials – These live, flower, reproduce, and die within two years. (First year they store energy; The second
year they reproduce.)
c. Perennials – These plants live for many years provided no infection or trauma occurs.
10. Explain what is meant by the following terms:
a. Hypertonic
A cell will LOSE water to the surrounding solution because the CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE is HIGHER
in the solution than the water (Remember: Osmosis is always the opposite of diffusion.)
b. Hypotonic
A cell will GAIN water to the surrounding solution because the CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE is LOWER
in the solution than the water (Remember: Osmosis is always the opposite of diffusion.)
c. Isotonic
A cell will GAIN AND LOSE WATER AT AN EQUAL RATE to the surrounding solution because the
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE is EQUAL in the solution and the water (Remember: Osmosis is always
the opposite of diffusion.)
d. Flaccid
Plant in a isotonic environment will be limp because its central vacuole is not full of water.
e. Turgid – PLANTS WANT TO BE THIS
Plant in a hypotonic environment will be full/sturdy because its central vacuole is full of water (AND IS
PUTTING TURGOR PRESSURE ON THE CELL WALL)
f.
Cohesion
Any POLAR MOLECULE STICKING TO ITSELF because the HYDROGEN BONDS (THINK OF A MAGNET)
because of the partial charges on the molecules. (i.e. water to water)
g. adhesion
Any POLAR MOLECULE STICKING TO ANOTHER POLAR MOLECULE because the HYDROGEN BONDS
because of the partial charges on the molecules. (i.e. water to xylem)
11. Answer the following question using the information from question 10.
a. Which solute concentration does a plant prefer to be in (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic)?
i. Why?
Hypotonic so that it will have a full supply of water that it can store in its central vacuole.
THEY WANT TO HAVE TURGOR PRESSURE.
b. Does a plant prefer to be turgid or flaccid?
i. Why?
Turgid – full of water
12. Plants lose water through transpiration. This process of water climbing from the roots all the way to the leaves
at the top of a plant occurs through a process called capillary action (which is a combination of cohesion and
adhesion). Explain how water can travel from the roots of plants to heights of over 100 feet to the tops of some
trees. Use the terms transpiration, cohesion, adhesion, stomata, and guard cells.
The water in the soil is cohesively bound to itself. The water then adhesively binds to the root hairs where it is pulled
into the XYLEM. This water is pulled up through the XYLEM as water is lost through TRANSPIRATION at the STOMATA
in the LEAVES. The GUARD CELLS OPEN THE STOMATA when the cell is TURGID so that the plant can do gas exchange
(O2 out/CO2 in). The water at the stomata is lost as the sun breaks the HYDROGEN BONDS that are COHESIVELY
BINDING it to the other water left in the plant. This combination of cohesion/adhesion causes the water to be TOWED
up the plant through TRANSPIRATION, pulling in water through the root hairs at the base of the plant.
13. What is pollination?
Pollen landing on the stigma of the carpel.
14. What is germination?
A plant starting to grow from the seed. (Germ=beginning)
Plant Structure
1. Label the following picture and give the definition for each structure (or what it does for the plant)
Plant Reproduction
1. Label the following picture and give the definition for each structure (or what it does for the plant)