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Chapter 17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction The Venus flytrap has adaptations to – capture and – digest insects. More than 600 species of plants – are carnivores and – typically live where soil nutrients, including nitrogen levels, are poor. Carnivorous plants absorb and use nutrients, including nitrogen, from animals. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.0_2 PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plants have adaptations for life on land More than 500 million years ago, plants evolved from algae. Plants and green algae called charophytes – are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor, – have complex multicellular bodies, and – are photosynthetic eukaryotes. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1A Plants have adaptations for life on land Life on land offered many opportunities for plant adaptations that took advantage of – unlimited sunlight, – abundant CO2, and – initially, few pathogens or herbivores. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plants have adaptations for life on land But life on land had disadvantages too. On land, plants must – maintain moisture inside their cells, to keep from drying out, – support their body in a nonbuoyant medium, – reproduce and disperse offspring without water, and – obtain resources from soil and air. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plants have adaptations for life on land Unlike land plants, algae – generally have no rigid tissues, – are supported by surrounding water, – obtain CO2 and minerals directly from the water surrounding the entire algal body, – receive light and perform photosynthesis over most of their body, – use flagellated sperm that swim to fertilize an egg, and – disperse offspring by water. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1C Key Vascular tissue Pollen Spores Leaf Spores Flagellated sperm Alga Surrounding water supports alga. Whole alga Leaf performs photosynthesis; absorbs Stem water, CO2, and minerals from the water. Roots Flagellated sperm Holdfast (anchors alga) Seed Flagellated sperm Stem Leaf Roots Moss Stomata only on sporophytes; primitive roots anchor plants; no lignin; no vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Fern Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Stem Roots Pine tree Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization does not require moisture Figure 17.1C_1 Key Vascular tissue Spores Leaf Spores Flagellated sperm Alga Surrounding water supports alga. Whole alga performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water. Flagellated sperm Leaf Stem Stem Roots Roots Flagellated sperm Holdfast (anchors alga) Moss Stomata only on sporophytes; primitive roots anchor plants; no lignin; no vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Fern Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Figure 17.1C_2 Key Vascular tissue Pollen Seed Leaf Stem Roots Pine tree Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization does not require moisture Plants have adaptations for life on land HL Land plants maintain moisture in their cells using – a waxy cuticle and – cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata. Land plants obtain – water and minerals from roots in the soil and – CO2 from the air and sunlight through leaves. Growth-producing regions of cell division, called apical meristems, are found near the tips of stems and roots. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plants have adaptations for life on land HL In many land plants, water and minerals move up from roots to stems and leaves using vascular tissues. – Xylem – consists of dead cells and – conveys water and minerals. – Phloem – consists of living cells and – conveys sugars. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Plants have adaptations for life on land HL Many land plants support their body against the pull of gravity using lignin. The absence of lignified cell walls in mosses and other plants that lack vascular tissue limits their height. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Simplest plant Early diversification of plants gave rise to seedless, nonvascular plants called bryophytes, including – mosses, – liverworts, and – hornworts. they lack – true roots, – leaves, and – lignified cell walls. – Reproduce by spores © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2B Bryophytes Moss Liverwort Hornwort Seedless vascular plants- Flicinophyta About 425 million years ago, vascular plants evolved with lignin-hardened vascular tissues. The seedless vascular plants include – club mosses – ferns and their relatives. – They have hard vascular tissue to transport water to leaves – They do not have flower and seed – They reproduce by spores © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2C Seedless vascular plants- Flicinophyta Fern (a pterophyte) Club moss (a lycophyte). Spores are produced in the upright tan-colored structures. Seed plants The first vascular plants with seeds evolved about 360 million years ago. A seed consists of an embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering. (they adapted dry ecosystems) Have lignified (woody material) cell wall and strong supportive tissue. These are: – gymnosperms (including ginkgo, cycad, and conifer species) and – angiosperms (such as flowering trees and grasses). © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Gymnosperms -Coniferophyta – have naked seeds that are not produced in special chambers and – Pollination by wind – include ginkgo, cycad, and conifer species. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2D Gymnosperms Cycad Ginkgo Ephedra (Mormon tea) A conifer Figure 17.2D_4 A conifer Angiosperms- Angiospermophta – are flowering plants and flowers are the reproductive organs – include flowering trees and grasses. – Seeds are covered by a fruit or a protective layer. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2E Angiosperms A jacaranda tree Barley, a grass Comparison of moncotyledon and dicotyledon plants -HL