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Geology Review: Chapter 12 & 13 Name:_____________________ Block:______ Date___________ Part I. Write the word that fits each definition. 1. Rocks formed directly from solidified magma: _____________________ 2. Rocks formed from magma that cooled and crystallized BENEATH the Earth’s surface: _____________________ 3. Rocks formed from magma that cooled and crystallized ABOVE the Earth’s surface: _____________________ 4. The age of one event compared to another: _____________________ 5. The process whereby the nuclei of radioactive parent isotopes break down: _____________________ 6. A mechanical instrument used to measure ground motion: _____________________ 7. The graphic record made by the instrument in #6: _____________________ 8. A rough, uneven break (crack) in a body of rock or material: _____________________ 9. Transportation of weathered rock fragments from one place to another: _____________________ 10. A location on the surface of the Earth directly above the point of origin of an earthquake: _____________________ 11. The point of origin of an earthquake: _____________________ 12. A crack in a body of rock along which there has been some movement: _____________________ 13. The bending and tilting of rock layers: _____________________ 14. A secondary earthquake that occurs after the main shock: _____________________ 15. The amount of time in years that has passed since a particular event: _____________________ 16. Rock that has been changed by the action of pressure/heat: _____________________ 17. Molten rock on the Earth’s surface: _____________________ 18. A scientist that specializes in the study of the Earth: _____________________ 19. A scientist who specializes in the study of fossils: _____________________ 20. Two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons: _____________________ 21. A large wave caused by an earthquake on the ocean floor: _____________________ 22. A scale of earthquake intensity based on observation of the effects produced by ground motion: _____________________ 23. A scale of earthquake intensity based on measurements of the actual amount of ground motion: _____________________ 24. The amount of time required for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay: _____________________ 25. Fossils useful for indicating a period of geological time: _____________________ Part II. Answer each question below. Point form is acceptable. 1. Describe the differences between a P-wave and an S-wave. 2. List in order, the six layers that make up the Earth (see pages 301-303) 3. Explain how a seismograph works. (use a diagram) 4. Describe the origin of the forces that cause tectonic plates to move. 5. Which geological feature and effects are produced as a result of tectonic plate movement? 6. Explain the theory behind radiometric dating. 7. a) Plot a radioactive decay curve for uranium-235, which has a half-life of 713 million years. (Time goes on the x-axis). Remember to label the axes. 8. Although the Earth is thought to be about 4.6 billion years old, no rock that old has ever been found. Refer to the rock cycle (p. 260) and explain why it is unlikely that a rock this old will ever be found.