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Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter, in Charleston SC, was one of the last forts still controlled by the United States in the Confederacy. • The US soldiers in the fort were running out of food and supplies. If Lincoln sent in reinforcements it would certainly cause South Carolina to attack but if he did nothing the US troops would have to surrender and appear weak. • Lincoln decided to adopt a middle-of-the-road solution. He would send supplies to the fort but no military reinforcements. • South Carolina still saw this move as a threat and on April 12, 1861 they began shelling the fort until it surrendered 34 hours later. • This attack mobilized the North for war. Lincoln called up the militia, began accepting volunteers, and proclaimed a blockage of Southern ports. • This attack also rallied the South to war. They viewed it as a war of northern aggression. • The reluctant states of Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded shortly after Fort Sumter fell. Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 1861 The interior of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, shortly after the Union’s beleaguered force surrendered and fled. Confederate soldiers pose in front of the fort’s bombarded walls while their flag flies victoriously above them. Border States • The Border States were slave states that never seceding. They included Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia. • The border states would have probably seceded if the North had fired the first shots. • They would have been very valuable to the South because of their large populations, manufacturing capacity, and strategic rivers such as the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee Rivers. • Lincoln did not single out the issue of slavery at first to keep the border states happy and on the side of the Union. If he had made the war about slavery from the beginning, they would have certainly left for the Confederacy. • Many families in these states were split over slavery, including Lincoln’s own. He had four brothers-in-law fight for the South. • Many “mountain whites” volunteered for the Union army. • Southern sympathizers in the North also fought for the Confederacy. Seceding States (with dates and order of secession) Note the long interval—nearly six months— between the secession of South Carolina, the first state to go, and that of Tennessee, the last state to leave the Union. These six months were a time of terrible trial for moderate Southerners. When a Georgia statesman pleaded for restraint and negotiations with Washington, he was rebuffed with the cry, “Throw the bloody spear into this den of incendiaries!” Friendly Enemies The man on the right is George Armstrong Custer. The youngest general in the Union army, this brilliant young officer survived the Civil War only to lose his life and that of every soldier under his command to Sioux warriors at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876—“Custer’s Last Stand.” The man on the left is a Southern soldier and prisoner of war. He and Custer had been classmates at West Point. South Advantages and Disadvantages •Advantages • High morale, experienced leaders, and a defensive position • Short distances to move supplies and troops •Disadvantages • Population was only 5.5 million • Controlled only 15% factories, 30% railroads, and 35% farmland • Needed a strong central government to survive • Needed help from foreign countries North Advantages and Disadvantages •Advantages • Population of 22 million • US navy • Controlled 85% of factories, 76% of railroads, and 65% of farmland • Had well-established central government and leaders •Disadvantages • Had to conquer a large area as an invading force • Large distances to move supplies and troops • Lower morale at the beginning of the war The Technology of War One of the new machines of destruction that made the Civil War the first mechanized war, this eightand-a-half ton federal mortar sat on a railroad flatcar in Petersburg, Virginia, ready to hurl twohundred-pound missiles as far as two and a half miles. This powerful artillery piece rode on the tracks of a captured Southern railroad—itself another artifact of modern technology that figured heavily in the war… A Union Private A Confederate Soldier Leg Amputation on the Battlefields of Virginia A surgeon wearing a hat and a sword amputates the leg of a wounded soldier, while an anesthetist (facing the camera) holds a sponge dipped in chloroform over the patient’s nose. A surgical assistant ties a tourniquet to stem the flow of blood. Other soldiers, dressed in Zouave uniforms modeled on North African designs, which were popular among some Northern and Southern regiments, watch closely, likely aware of the dangers accompanying such crude surgery. An estimated 30 percent of amputees died from postoperative complications, most often infections. Recruiting Immigrants for the Union Army This poster in several languages appeals to immigrants to enlist. Immigrant manpower provided the Union with both industrial and military muscle. Diplomacy • Both the North and South needed help from foreign countries during the war. • Trent Affair: a Union warship stopped a British mail ship, the Trent, north of Cuba and discovered two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. • When England heard of the arrests, many pushed for war. Lincoln backed down and released the prisoners. • Britain was also building Confederate raiding ships, like the Alabama, and became the chief naval base of the Confederacy. • The Laird rams were two Confederate warships being constructed in Great Britain in 1863. The were designed to take down the wooden warships of the Union. • The North threatened to invade Canada if the warships were delivered to the South. England bought the ships for the own navy, leaving the Confederates disappointed. • British strengthened Canada to keep the Americans at bay. • France tried to take over France but was unsuccessful. The Pending Conflict, 1863 Great Britain and France look on while the Americans struggle. Despite repeated pleas from Confederate diplomats for recognition and aid, both France and Britain refrained from intervening in the American conflict— not least because of the Union’s demonstrated strength on the battlefield and its economic importance to European importers. Battle of the USS Kearsarge and the CSS Alabama off the Normandy Coast, 1864, by Edouard Manet The Alabama sank sixty-four Union ships before it was destroyed off the coast of Cherbourg, France, in 1864. The Kearsarge rescued most of the Alabama’s crew from their sinking vessel, but Confederate captain Raphael Semmes managed to escape aboard an English yacht that had been observing the sea battle. Wartime Liberties • Lincoln overstepped the boundaries set by the Constitution frequently. • He declared a blockade, increased the size of the federal army, he directed the secretary of treasury to advance $2 dollars to private citizens for military purposes, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus. All of these went against the rules set by the Constitution. • Writ of Habeas Corpus: requires law enforcement to present detained individuals before court to ensure the legality of their arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary arrests. • He did this so that anti-Unionists could be arrested and held indefinitely. • Lincoln took extreme measures to make sure the Union was successful. He intended for all of these questionable actions to end when the war was over. • Jefferson Davis was unable to exert the same control on the South due to the strong support states’ rights. Lincoln at Antietam (also known as Sharpsburg), October 1862 Deeply committed to his responsibilities as commander in chief, President Lincoln visited Union forces on the battlefield several times during the war. With him here at Antietam are the detective Allan Pinkerton (on the left), who provided intelligence to the Union army, and General John McClernand, who often accompanied the president on his travels (see pp. 487–488). The New York City Anti-Draft Rioters, 1863 Mostly Irish American mobs convulsed the city for days and were in the end put down only by a merciless application of Federal firepower. Economy of War • North sought to increase revenue by placing excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol, introducing the income tax, passing the Morrill Tariff Act that increased the tariff, and printing greenbacked money. • The North also sold war bonds and passed the National Banking System. This system was designed to establish a standard banknote currency and unify the banking system in the Union. • The South also tried to raise money by directly taxing its citizens, but the ardent states’ righter's did not support this method. • The South also sold war bonds that raised nearly $400 million. • The South’s economy suffered due to the blockade and the excessive printing of currency. The South suffered a 9,000% inflation rate compared with the 80% Union rate. North’s Economic Boom • Northern manufacturing were prosperous and grew significantly during the war. • New technology, such as the sewing machine, made Northern factories efficient and profitable. • The mechanical reaper produced surpluses of grain and provided profits the North used to buy weapons and supplies. • Many women joined the workforce and took industrial jobs. • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell formed the U.S. Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field. She and other women made nursing a respected profession. • Women also organized fundraisers that provided millions of dollars of assistance to widows, orphans, and disable soldiers. Booth at the Sanitary Fair in Chicago, 1863 The Chicago Sanitary Fair was the first of many such fairs throughout the nation to raise funds for soldier relief efforts. Mainly organized by women, the fair sold captured Confederate flags, battle relics, handicrafts like these potholders (right), and donated items, including President Lincoln’s original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation (which garnered $3,000 in auction). When the fair closed, the Chicago headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission had raised $100,000, and its female managers had gained organizational experience that many would put to work in the postwar movement for women’s rights. Booth at the Sanitary Fair in Chicago, 1863 The Chicago Sanitary Fair was the first of many such fairs throughout the nation to raise funds for soldier relief efforts. Mainly organized by women, the fair sold captured Confederate flags, battle relics, handicrafts like these potholders (right), and donated items, including President Lincoln’s original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation (which garnered $3,000 in auction). When the fair closed, the Chicago headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission had raised $100,000, and its female managers had gained organizational experience that many would put to work in the postwar movement for women’s rights. Booth at the Sanitary Fair in Chicago, 1863 The Chicago Sanitary Fair was the first of many such fairs throughout the nation to raise funds for soldier relief efforts. Mainly organized by women, the fair sold captured Confederate flags, battle relics, handicrafts like these potholders (right), and donated items, including President Lincoln’s original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation (which garnered $3,000 in auction). When the fair closed, the Chicago headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission had raised $100,000, and its female managers had gained organizational experience that many would put to work in the postwar movement for women’s rights.