Download The Protestant Reformation

THESIS
Explain the origins of the Protestant Reformation and
its role in the creation of modernity.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Causes of the Protestant Reformation
Decline of Church Influence
Secularization
Renaissance / Humanism
Popularity of “Lay” Religions
Rise of Powerful Monarchies / Kingdoms
Weak Papacy
Emergence of Charles V as HRE
Spanish Oppression / Inquisition
Others?
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Causes of Popular Social Unrest
1.
People from all / most social classes are discontented.
2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the
economy or the government.
3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they
had hoped for.
4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is
a growing bitterness between social classes.
5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.
6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates.
7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society.
8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some
join with the opposition groups.
9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group
to save itself.
10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt
or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Early Reformers
1.
John Wycliffe / English 13301384
--calls for reform from protection of
England
--supporters called “Lollards”
2.
Jan (John) Huss / Czech /
Austrian 1369-1415
--publicly supported Wycliffe
--denied Papal infallibility
--burned at stake by church
3. Erasmus / Dutch 1466-1536
--Leading Humanist voice
--strong call for reform not destruction
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Early Reformation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calls for Reform pre-dated Luther.
(keep in mind, part of Luther’s
success was a result of the political
and social situations of his time and
place.)
Discontent with the power and
corruption of the Church had been
growing for centuries (can be tracked
back to the failure of the later
Crusades.)
Christian Humanists in the North had
made calls for a simplified church and
had made criticisms of church
corruption.
By the 16 th century, most polities in
Europe equated a weaker church with
greater political autonomy.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Christian Church and
Discontent in the Early 16 th Century
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Abbot practicing
Simony
The Crusades, Black Death,
Babylonian Captivity, the Great
Schism, and Conflicts with the Holy
Roman Emperor (dating to lay
investiture) all weakened the Church’s
power and sense of infallibility.
Anti-Clericalism (opposition to the
clergy) was widespread by the 16 th
century. (excesses, immorality, lack of
education, corruption.)
Pluralism: Holding more than one
benefices (office). Even occurred
across international borders.
Simony: the buying and selling of
church office.
See Erasmus.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Illustration Dante’s Criticism of Simony (from “Inferno” The Divine Comedy)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Holy
Roman Empire
in the 16th
Century
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Dr. Martin Luther
1.
2.
3.
4.
A young Martin
Luther
Martin Luther was the son of a
German miner who was sent to
school to become a lawyer.
Emotionally disturbed and
obsessed with the concepts of
salvation and damnation, Luther
decided to become a monk (story
of thunderstorm).
He entered the Augustinian Order.
This was a mendicant order.
He studied at the University of
Erfurt and earned his Ph.D. in
theology.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther and the Bible
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
As a professor in theology, Luther had
access to the Bible and knowledge of
Latin and Greek.
Most Europeans, although devote
Catholics, never actually read the
Bible.
Luther focused on the Pauline epistles.
(Over half of the Christian New
Testament)
He particularity focused on the book
of Romans and came to the
conclusion “sola fide, sola gratia, sola
scriptura.”
He rejected Church tradition,
requirements, and ceremonies which
were not directly mentioned in the
Bible.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Indulgences and Leo X
1.
2.
3.
Pope Leo X (a Medici) needed
money for the construction of
temples, tombs (family), and St.
Peter’s to glorify his family and the
Church. (note Michelangelo and
other Renaissance
artists/architects were hired and
were expensive)
Leo authorized a special
indulgence and allowed
Archbishop Albert of Mainz to
keep a portion of the proceeds.
Johann Tetzel (Dominican) was
hired to run the Indulgence
Campaign.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Johann Tetzel and the Selling of Indulgences
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther’s Reaction to the Selling of
Indulgences
1.
2.
3.
Luther responded to Tetzel by
writing his “95 Theses on the
Power of Indulgences.” He sent
these to the Albert of Mainz.
Legend has it that a copy was
posted to the Church door at
Wittenberg.
At Leipzig in 1519, he argued
against papal and council
infallibility and declared his
support for Huss.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of the Printing Press
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Reaction to Luther
1. Leo X sent out a proclamation condemning the teachings and writings of
Luther.
2. Emperor Charles V ordered Luther to Worms were he refused to recant
his teachings. (despite his power the political situation in the Holy Roman
Empire helped protect Luther as princes wanted more autonomy—
Fredrick of Saxony)
3. After his refusal to recant his teachings at Worms, Luther was declared a
heretic and his arrest was ordered. However, he was protected by
Fredrick of Saxony and hidden.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther at Worms
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther at Worms
However, since I am a man and not God, I cannot provide my writings with any other defense than that which my
Lord Jesus Christ provided for His teaching. When He had been interrogated concerning His teaching before Annas
and had received a buffet from a servant, He said: "If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil." If the Lord
Himself, who knew that He could not err, did not refuse to listen to witness against His teaching, even from a
worthless slave, how much more ought I, scum that I am, capable of naught but error, to seek and to wait for any who
may wish to bear witness against my teaching.
And so, through the mercy of God, I ask Your Imperial Majesty, and Your Illustrious Lordships, or anyone of any
degree, to defeat them by the writings of the Prophets or by the Gospels; for I shall be most ready, if I be better
instructed, to recant any error, and I shall be the first in casting my writings into the fire. . . .
Thereupon the Orator of the Empire, in a tone of upbraiding, said that his [Luther's] answer was not to the point, and
that there should be no calling into question of matters on which condemnations and decisions had before been
passed by Councils. He was being asked for a plain reply, without subtlety or sophistry, to this question: Was he
prepared to recant, or no?
Luther then replied: Your Imperial Majesty and Your Lordships demand a simple answer. Here it is, plain and
unvarnished. Unless I am convicted [convinced] of error by the testimony of Scripture or (since I put no trust in the
unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted
themselves) by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted [convinced] by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my
conscience is taken captive by God's word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is
neither safe for us, nor open to us.
On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me.
Amen.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther’s Translation of the Bible.
His translation
and use of
dialect served to
lay the
groundwork for
a unified
German
language.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Protestantism and Common Protestant Thought
1. Today, the term “Protestant” refers to non-Catholic/Orthodox forms of
Christianity.
2. First applied to the “protesting” German Princes.
3. Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich) and Luther both created the Protestant ideal that
the Bible is the sole authority in Christianity.
4. Protestant Salvation: Obtained from faith alone, not good works or the
sacraments.
5. Only Two Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist (Communion)
6. Equality of Christianity- “Priesthood of All Believers”
7. Celibacy was against nature and God’s commandments (see Genesis).
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Disagreement Among Protestants:
The Nature of the Eucharist
1.
2.
3.
Protestants and Catholics and
Protestants and Protestants
debated the nature of
Communion.
The Church and some Protestant
held the notion of
Transubstantiation. Other
protestants believed in
Consubstantiation. Still others
held a belief in Memorial (Zwingli
and Calvin).
This early debate illustrated the
changing theological ideas which
occurred with the spread of
Protestantism.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Transubstantiation: Upon the actions of the priest, the bread and wine
become the actual blood and body of Christ (i.e. Christ is actually present in
the ceremony.
Consubstantiation: The bread and wine become the actual blood and body of
Christ, but this event has nothing to do with the actions of the priest but by
the power and mystery of God.
Memorial: The action of Communion is in memory of Christ, his spirit is
present, but there is no change to the bread and wine.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Appeal of Protestant Ideals
1.
2.
3.
4.
The educated and Humanist (particularly Christian Humanists) were more
likely to be attracted to Luther which they saw as upholding ideals of
Christian Humanists (again see Erasmus).
The Protestant push for universal reading and writing in the vernacular of
the Bible appealed to the educated who wanted to read it for themselves.
Vernacular texts, such as Luther’s “Small” and “Large Catechisms,”
propaganda an woodcuts, the concept of the “priesthood of all believers”
allowed for Protestant Ideals to spread quickly.
The Printing Press played a pivotal role in the dissemination of these
ideas.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Protestantism and the Role of Women
1. The reformers continued to reinforce and in some places strengthen
patriarchy.
2. Protestant areas tended to make prostitution illegal.
3. Protestant marriages emphasized men over women, but did reinforce
some better treatment of wives.
4. Although rare, protestant marriages did allow re-marriage (unlike Catholic
divorces which would not allow remarriage).
5. Protestant closing of monasteries and convents forced many upper-class
women to marriage over lack of any other job.
6. Heads of early Protestant Churches were exclusively male (although that
has changed in some modern Protestant Churches).
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Spread of Lutheranism
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Radical Reformation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Luther opened the door for others to
question the Church.
Some radical reformers sought to
eliminate most manifestations of
Catholicism and simplify Christianity
to what they interpreted as its original,
ancient form.
Many baptized adults (Anabaptists).
Often were pacifists (Anabaptists,
Brethren, Quakers[the Society of
Friends]).
Some tried communal living
(Anabaptists, Brethren).
Most Radical Reforms faced extreme
discrimination. They were often seen
as anti-social and against traditional
social order.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Persecution of “Anabaptists” (Term often used generically for any Protestant
group which baptized adults)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Spread of Anabaptists
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Protestantism and Economics: The
Peasants’ War in Germany (1525)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Poor conditions of the peasantry
culminated in Swabian Peasants
drawing up 12 Article of Grievances
at Memmingen,
They mostly argued against Noble
abuse of power and subjects.
Cited Luther about abuse and excess,
and interpreted him as a social
reformer not just a religious one.
When demands were not met, revolts
broke out in Swabia, Thuringia, the
Rhineland, and Saxony.
The nobles responded harshly and
killed an est. 75,000.
This hurt the appeal and spread of
Protestantism.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Luther’s Condemnation of the Peasants’ War
In my preceding pamphlet [the Twelve Articles] I had no occasion to condemn the peasants, because they
promised to yield to law and better instruction, as Christ also demands (Matt. vii. 1). But before I can turn
around, they go out and appeal to force, in spite of their promises, and rob and pillage and act like mad dogs.
From this it is quite apparent what they had in their false minds, and that what they put forth under the name
of the gospel in the Twelve Articles was all vain pretense. In short, they practice mere devil's work, and it is the
arch-devil himself who reigns at Mühlhausen [a reference to Münzer], indulging in nothing but robbery,
murder, and bloodshed; as Christ says of the devil in John viii. 44, "he was a murderer from the beginning."
Since, therefore, those peasants and miserable wretches allow themselves to be led astray and act differently
from what they declared, I likewise must write differently concerning them; and first bring their sins before
their eyes, as God commands (Isa. lviii. 1; Ezek. ii. 7), whether perchance some of them may come to their
senses; and, further, I would instruct those in authority how to conduct themselves in this matter.
With threefold horrible sins against God and men have these peasants loaded themselves, for which they have
deserved a manifold death of body and soul.
First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's
command (Matt. xxii. 21), "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's," and (Rom. xiii. 1),
"Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers." But since they have deliberately an sacrilegiously
abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body
an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying, disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do. Wherefore St. Paul
judges them, saying (Rom. xiii. 2.), "And they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation." The peasants
will incur this sentence, sooner or later; for God wills that fidelity and allegiance shall be sacredly kept.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Second, they cause uproar and sacrilegiously rob and pillage monasteries and castles that do not belong to them, for
which, like public highwaymen and murderers, they deserve the twofold death of body and soul. It is right and lawful
to slay at the first opportunity a rebellious person, who is known as such, for he is already under God's and the
emperor's ban. Every man is at once judge and executioner of a public rebel; just as, when a fire starts, he who can
extinguish it first is the best fellow. Rebellion is not simply vile murder, but is like a great fire that kindles and
devastates a country; it fills the land with murder and bloodshed, makes widows and orphans, and destroys everything,
like the greatest calamity. Therefore, whosoever can, should smite, strangle, and stab, secretly or publicly, and should
remember that there is nothing more poisonous, pernicious, and devilish than a rebellious man. Just as one must slay a
mad dog, so, if you do not fight the rebels, they will fight you, and the whole country with you.
Third, they cloak their frightful and revolting sins with the gospel, call themselves Christian brethren, swear allegiance,
and compel people to join them in such abominations. Thereby they become the greatest blasphemers and violators of
God's holy name, and serve and honor the devil under the semblance of the gospel, so that they have ten times
deserved death of body and soul, for never have I heard of uglier sins. And I believe also that the devil foresees the
judgment day, that he undertakes such an unheard-of measure; as if he said, "It is the last and therefore it shall be the
worst; I'll stir up the dregs and knock the very bottom out." May the Lord restrain him! Lo, how mighty a prince is the
devil, how he holds the world in his hands and can put it to confusion: who else could so soon capture so many
thousands of peasants, lead them astray, blind and deceive them, stir them to revolt, and make them the willing
executioners of his malice. . . .
And should the peasants prevail (which God forbid!), -- for all things are possible to God, and we know not but that
he is preparing for the judgment day, which cannot be far distant, and may purpose to destroy, by means of the devil,
all order and authority and throw the world into wild chaos, -- yet surely thy who are found, sword in hand, shall
perish in the wreck with clear consciences, leaving to the devil the kingdom of this world and receiving instead the
eternal kingdom. For we are come upon such strange times that a prince may more easily win heaven by the shedding
of blood than others by prayers.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
German Politics and the
Reformation
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Holy Roman Empire was
politically fractured and was more
like a confederation than a unified
kingdom.
Princes competed for power and
autonomy.
Election of HR Emperor: Golden
Bull of 1356- Archbishops of
Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, along
with the Duke of Saxony, the
Count Palatine of the Rhine, and
the King of Bohemia elected the
HR Emperor.
Charles V (Habsburg) was elected
2 years after the “95 Theses.”
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Rise of the Habsburgs
(Hapsburgs)
1.
2.
3.
By the late 15th Century, the
Habsburgs (mostly through
strategic marriages) had become
the most powerful family in the
HRE and Europe holding
territory in the HRE, Austria, and
Burgundy.
Through Habsburg marriages to
the children of Ferdinand and
Isabella Spain, Spanish Colonies in
the New World, Spanish territories
in Italy, and Sicily were added to
that territory.
HRE Charles V became the most
powerful monarch in Europe.
(ruled 1519-1556) (1516 in Spain)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
1.
Territories of Emperor Charles V: the HRE (control over S. Germany),
Austria, Burgundy, Spain, Spanish Colonies in the New World, Spanish
territories in Italy, Sicily, the Low Countries, and Franche-Conte.
Red and
Pink:
Territories
held as
Charles
(Carlos) I
of Spain .
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Habsburgs, German Princes,
and Protestantism
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fredrick “The Wise” of Saxony
Princes could gain autonomy,
land, and wealth (Catholic
Possessions) by adopting
Protestantism (Lutheranism).
This led to conflict within HRE.
Some princes support
Protestantism out of sincere
religious conviction, others out of
a desire for power, and other for
both.
Charles V was a staunch Catholic
and believed religious unity would
bring unity to his territory.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Conflicts and Resolutions
1. Swiss Conflict Treaty- Cantons could determine their religion and had to
cut outside alliances (neutrality). Zwingli was killed in fighting.
2. Imperial Diet of 1530 at Augsburg- Protesting Princes issued the
Augsburg Confession (statement of faith and support of Lutheranism).
Charles V was in the Hapsburg Valois and faced the prospect of Ottoman
invasion into his territory. Some fighting did occur.
3. Peace of Augsburg (1555)- Charles agreed to allow the princes to decide
the religion of their territories giving legal status to Lutheranism in HRE.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Augsburg Confession
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Religion and Government in Holy Roman Empire
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestant Ideals:
England—The Tudors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The rise of Protestantism in England
was not a product of deep religious
feelings; rather, the English reformation
was a product of the political battle
between the king and Pope Clement VII.
Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine
of Aragon (daughter of F and I)
annulled.
Henry argued that since she was
originally married to his brother (against
cannon law) the marriage was never real.
The real reason seems to be the fact that
Catherine had produced a daughter
(Mary) but not a son.
Henry wanted to marry a younger
women named Anne Boleyn.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Catherine of Aragon and Mary Tudor
Both
would
remain
Catholic
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestantism:
England—The Battle with the Pope
1.
2.
3.
Pope Clement VII (who was
essentially a prisoner of Charles
V) refused to grant the
annulment.
Charles V was the nephew of
Catherine and did not want his
family disgraced by Henry VIII.
In response the pope’s refusal,
Henry had Parliament officially
break away from Rome..
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
1.
Act in Restrain of Appeals: Passed by Parliament, this act declared that
the king was the highest sovereign in England; therefore, he could issues
orders (even religious ones) which the Pope disagreed with.
2.
The Supremacy Act of 1534: Parliament officially declared the king to be
the head of the Church of England. The Papacy no longer had authority
in England.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Protests broke out against these actions and some executions occurred.
Perhaps most famous was Thomas More’s (Utopia) refusal to take the oaths
which the Supremacy Act required. He was executed on July 6, 1535 under
the Treason Act.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Henry VIII confiscated Church land and founded the Anglican Church.
Church wealth increased the wealth and economy of England. However, the
early Anglican Church varied little in dogma and practices from the Catholic
Church. Over the centuries the Anglican Church (Episcopalians in America)
would develop a tradition unique to the church.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Wives of Henry VIII
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Children of Henry VIII: Edward VI (Son of Jane Seymour), Queen Mary I
(“Bloody Mary” Catholic Daughter of Catherine of Aragon), Elizabeth I
(Protestant daughter of Anne Boleyn)
Ruled for Six
Years
Ruled of Five
Years
Ruled for Forty-Five
Years
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestantism:
England- The Tudor Children
1.
2.
3.
Edward VI reinforced the move
to Protestantism and had the
Book of Common Prayer written in
1549.
Mary Tudor attempted to move
England back to Catholicism,
often times with force (although
it is important to remember that
the Protestants had also used
force).
When Elizabeth came to power
she reinstated the Anglican
Church.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestantism:
England- Elizabeth I
1.
2.
3.
4.
Elizabeth, always a shrewd
politician, walked a religious line
between English Catholics and
radical Puritans.
She required people to go to the
Anglican Church, but did not
vigorously enforce dogma as long
as extremists kept quite.
Elizabeth recognized patriarchy
and took the title “Governor of
the Church.”
Passed the “Thirty-nine Articles”:
English Vernacular in Church
services and priests could marry.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestantism:
Protestantism in Ireland
1.
2.
3.
The Irish (always resistant to
English hegemony in Ireland)
resisted the spread of
Protestantism and tied Irish
identity to Catholicism.
“The Pale” adopted separation
from the Church and adoption
of Protestantism, but most of
Ireland remained Catholic.
This is a division which has
lasted.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
John Calvin and Calvinism
1. Calvin had the greatest theological impact on future generations of
Protestant.
2. Calvin was originally from France and did most of his work in Geneva.
3. Calvin developed a concept of “Predestination” which stated that God is
all powerful and all knowing. As such, he already knows who will receive
salvation. He called these people “the elect.”
4. Calvin believed in strict religious law and believed that government has a
responsibility to reinforce moral and religious order. Therefore, he set up
a theocracy in Geneva ruled by the Geneva Consistory. (see. Servetus
Burning)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
1.
2.
Works of John Calvin
The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1559: God is all powerful. Humans
are corrupted by sin and completely weak. Humans are selected by God
(pre-destined) to be saved. The disciplined Christian life reflects one’s
elected status.
The Geneva Catechism 1541: Outlined the basic beliefs of Calvinism which
was memorized by his followers. Became the foundation for other
Protestant Churches (Reformed, Presbyterian, Huguenot, and Puritan).
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
John Calvin and Geneva
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Calvin’s “Oratory”- Geneva
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Compare and Contrast
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Calvinist Territories
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Huguenot Churches in France—
Late 16th century
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Spread of Protestantism:
Protestantism in Scotland
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
By the middle of the 16 th century,
Scotland was in religious turmoil. The
monarchs James V and his daughter
Mary Queen of Scots were Catholic;
however, many Scottish nobles
supported religious reform.
The Scottish Reformation was led by a
follower of Calvin named John Knox.
In 1560, the Scottish Parliament,
influenced by Knox and a desire for
more politically autonomy, cut ties with
the Catholic Church. Fighting broke out
with the French and English getting
involved. The Protestants maintained
control.
The Presbyterian Church was
established.
The Book of Common Order 1564.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Reformation in Eastern Europe
1.
2.
3.
By 1500, in Czech/Bohemia, the
Hussite Church was semirecognized by the HRE.
Germans in Bohemia had also
adopted Lutheranism after his
reformation.
The Reformation found less
success in Eastern Europe than
it did in Western Europe.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
In Poland-Lithuania…
•
Largest Polity in Europe, although very rural,
it was very diverse
•
Germans tried to bring in Lutheranism, but
it was resisted by Poles
•
Sigismund I banned Lutheran teachings in
Poland
•
Calvinism had more appeal with szlachta
(nobility)
•
However, diversity of ideas allowed the
Counter Reformation to keep Poland
Catholic
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
In Hungary…
• Hungarian Diet of 1523 called for all Lutheran property to be repossessed
• The Hungarian Defeat at Mohacs led to the division of Hungary into three
parts which allowed Lutheranism flourish in Ottoman territories
• However, the 17th century recognition of Habsburg authority and the
withdrawal of the Ottomans created a Catholic Revival.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Catholic Reformation and the
Counter Reformation
1.
2.
The Catholic Reformation was
the combination of Reforms to
corruptions of the Church and
the Counter Reformation against
Protestants.
Was successful, no large
territories fell to Protestantism
in Europe after 1540. (exception
the Netherlands)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Reformed Papacy
1. Beginning with Pope Paul III
2. Called for an end to Simony and Pluralism
3. Stated that Priests and other members of the clergy must have more
education
4. The clergy must maintain a moral standard—i.e. no children, concubines,
hording of money etc.
5. Called for the use of the “Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office” (Six
Cardinal Inquisition in the Papal States)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Catholic Reformation: The Council of Trent 1545-1563
1. HRE resisted reconciliation as they did not want internal conflict.
2. However, the church council found the following…
•
Church traditions and scriptures are equal
•
There are seven sacraments and the Eucharist is transubstantiation
•
Bishops must live in their dioceses
•
No Pluralism or Simony
•
The use of indulgences drastically restricted
•
Clergy is not allowed to have concubines
•
Bishops were to visit their churches once ever two years
•
Clerics must be educated and literate
•
Access to clerical schools was expanded (even to the poor)
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Council of Trent
“Whereas the power of conferring Indulgences was granted by Christ to the
Church; and she has, even in the most ancient times, used the said power,
delivered unto her of God; the sacred holy Synod teaches, and enjoins, that
the use of Indulgences, for the Christian people most salutary, and approved
of by the authority of sacred Councils, is to be retained in the Church.”
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
The Catholic Counter Reformation: The New Orders
1. New religious orders were created to educate and expand Catholicism
2. Ursuline Order: order of Catholic Nuns created to education women in
the Catholic Faith
3. The Jesuits (the Society of Jesus)
•
Created by Ignatius Loyola—Spiritual Exercises
•
A missionary order of monks designed to spread Catholicism not only in Europe but
also Asia and the Americas
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Europe by the end of the 16 th
century
CATHOLICISM c. 1500
Salvation attained through faith and good works.
PROTESTANTISM
Salvation attained through faith
grace cannot do good works
alone. Men without
Pope and church tradition define dogma.
Authority rests on scripture alone [and faith] alone.
Pope holds authority which is supreme and absolute
within church.
There are seven sacraments, including confession
and penance.
During Mass, priests perform the miracle of
transubstantion. The waifer and the wine become
the blood and the body of Christ
Priests are above the laity and are believed to be
endowed with supernatural powers.
Priests must remain celibate. Orders of
Monasticism and nuns.
The conscience of
authority.
the individual is the highest
There are only two sacraments: baptism and
Eucharist.
Consubstantion. Nor the blood nor the body of
Christ are present in the Mass.
There is a "priesthood of believers." Priests and
pastors are equal to the laity in all respects.
Pastors may marry.
Language of the church is Latin.
No monks or nuns.
Relics and saints are worshipped. Pilgrimages are
encouraged.
Vernacular becomes the language of the liturgy.
If one has not sinned excessively, one must go
through purgatory to be cleansed of sin after death.
Time in Purgatory may be shortened by prayer,
good deeds, and the purchase of indulgences.
No need for pilgrimages.
Existence of Purgatory is denied.