Download Bones and ligaments

Organization
• Cell (ex=muscle cell)
• Tissues (many of the same types of cells
ex muscle tissue)
• Organ (many tissues that work together ex
heart)
• Organ system level (many organs work
together ex circulatory system)
• Organism level (many organ systems work
together)
Bones and ligaments
Bone Structure
• Compact bone –
hard outer surface
• Spongy bone –
Swiss cheese like
matrix interior. To
cushion impact.
• Bone marrow –
source of red and
white blood cells
• Haversian Canals
– blood vessel
canals through
compact bone
osteoporosis
• Disease of the bone, causes of
which are largely unknown.
– Mineral deficiencies promote
disease, especially Calcium.
– Decrease in bone density
– Predominantly older women
– Prevention – Get plenty of
Calcium at a young age, exercise
helps build bone strength
Joints – 4 types
• Ball and socket – all directions
– Shoulder and hips
• Pivot joints – twist around
– Arm, vertebrae
• Hinge joints – lever or hinge action
– knees, fingers, toes
• Gliding – slide past one another
– Wrist, ankle
Ligaments
• TOUGH connective tissue that links bones
to bones
Ligaments
• Connect bone to bone (joints)
Tendons
• Collagen connective tissue that links bone
to muscle. When muscle contracts, pulls
on tendon, moves bone.
Muscles and Muscular
Contraction
3 types of muscle cells
• Smooth muscle –
internal organ walls,
blood vessels
(enables dilation and
contraction)
– Sheets of cells, all
acting in concert
– Many work together to
squeeze
– Involuntary muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
– Only found in heart
– Striated
– Involuntary
– group of cells contract
together
• Skeletal Muscle
•Voluntary muscle
• Multinucleated
•Striated
•The muscles in your
arms, legs, etc.
Skeletal cont…
• Structure:
MuscleFasicle
Myofiber (cell) Myofibril
(with many
sarcomeres)Myofilaments
• Many myofibers connected
lengthwise through entire
fiber
• Many mitochondria
• Many nuclei (why? The multiple
nuclei arise from the fact that each muscle fiber
develops from the fusion of many cells (called
myoblasts).
Skeletal cont…
• Sarcomere (small part
of myofibril)
– Made up of thin
(Actin) and thick
(Myosin) filaments
– Thin slide across thick
Contraction – Sliding Filament
Theory
• When muscle contracts its shortens.
When muscle relaxes it DOES NOT
lengthen beyond relaxed state
• Actin and Myosin slide across one another
(they do not shorten or lengthen)
• Myosin head binds actin and pulls it,
causing sliding. Requires help of Calcium
ATP
and _______.
Actin/Myosin animation