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THE GREEK CITY-STATE 4-2 Polis • Polis – Greek city-state • Acropolis – fortified area on top of a hill, used for meetings • Fortress and religious center • Agora – Below an Acropolis • Open area that served both as an assembly place and market • Adult Males • Political rights (vote, hold office) • Serve in the Military • Adult women, children & noncitizens • No political rights Military • Nobles on horseback • Hoplites • Heavily armed foot soldiers equipped with a round shield, short sword, thrusting spear (9 feet long) • Phalanx • Marching soldier to shoulder in rectangular formation • Created a wall of shields to protect the hoplites Greek Expansion • Reasons: • Overpopulation at home, desire for good farmland, growth of trade • Each Greek colony became a new polis, independent of the polis that had founded it • S. Italy, S. France, E. Spain, N. Africa, West of Egypt, Thrace, shores of the Black Sea, Hellensport, Bosporus straits (Byzantium, later Constantinople, now Istanbul) • Trading • Pottery wine, olive oil • Grains, metals (W), Fish timber, wheat, metals and slaves form the black sea region Tyranny in the City-States • Tyrants • Rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats • Supported by the newly rich and peasants (who owed aristocrats money) • Help poor and launch public works • Increased popularity • By 6th Century – Fallen out of favor • Rule of Law, and tyranny was an insult to that idea • Led to democracy – gov by the people or rule of the many Sparta • Sparta needed land • Conquered neighboring Laconians • Messenia 730 BC • Herlots - a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror • To keep them in line, created a military state • Children are taught military discipline • Military service at age 20 • Live in barracks until 30 • After 30, could vote, live at home, but stayed in army till 60 Sparta • Women lived at home • Greater freedom • Expected their husbands and sons to be brave in war • Oligarchy headed by 2 kings • Ephors • A group of five men, were elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens • A council of elders, composed of the two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60, decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly made of male citizens. This assembly did not debate; it only voted on the issues. Sparta • Foreigners were discouraged from visiting, except for military reasons • Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad • Might encounter ideas dangerous to the stability of the state • Discouraged from studying philosophy, literature or the arts • Art of war was the Spartan ideal Athens • Early Athens ruled by king • Oligarchy under the control of the Aristocrats • Owned the best land and controlled political life • Was an assembly but had little power • Verge of Civil War • Draco, a politician added harsh penalties to the laws • Many farmers sold into slavery because of debts • Solon, reform-minded aristocrat • Cancelled land debts, freed people fallen into slavery • Would not give land to the poor Athens • Peisistratus, aristocrat • 560 BC seized power from Solon • Aided Athenian trade to please merchants • Gave aristocrats’ land to peasants • Athenians rebelled against Peisistratus’s son in 540 BC Athens • Cleisthenes 512BC took over • New council of 500 that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed the laws that would be voted on by the assembly • The Athenian assembly, composed of male citizens, was given final authority to pass laws after free and open debate. Homework • 4-2 Review; Page 84 Q. 1-5