Download Inorganic Chemistry Review Biochemistry

Inorganic Chemistry Review
and
Biochemistry
Chapters 4 and 5
Matter
 What
is matter?
 So, what is not matter?
 Question:
does it matter? 
Elements and Compounds
 How
is an element different from a
compound?
 About 25 elements make up living
organisms
 CHON: make 96% of living things
 Almost all of remaining 4%: such as
calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium
 Trace elements: less than 0.01%, but
important; eg, iodine, chlorine
Compounds
 Two
or more elements, chemically
combined in fixed ratio

Formulas: H2O, C6H12O6
 All
biochemicals covalently bonded

Share electrons

Contrast: compound and mixture
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
 Ions
formed when atoms give up or
acquire electrons
 Ion is charged either positive or negative
 Ionic bond- attraction between ions
 Dissolve easily in polar water solvent

In solution, become separate ions
Molecules
 Covalent
bonds: atoms share electrons to
complete outermost energy level
 Types of formula: chemical, structural,
space-filling model
 Examples: O2, N2, H2O, C6H12O6



Is a compound always made of molecules?
Is an element always made of molecules?
Is an element sometimes made of molecules?
Atoms
 Subatomic
particles (now at least 20 IDd)
 Proton, electron, neutron
 Where are protons and neutrons found?
 Electrons: energy “cloud” of negative
charges
 What is the atomic number?
Chemical Reactions (80)






Atoms get rearranged to form new molecules
New substances are formed
Either release energy or absorb energy
Law of conversation of matter – all atoms accounted for!
What about energy?
 High vs. lower energy molecules?
 How does energy “get into” molecules?
 How is energy released from molecules?
 What happens to energy when it is released from
molecules?
Reactants and products: What is the reaction below?
 CH4 + 2O2
2H2O + CO2 (+energy)
Polarity of Water and Hydrogen
Bonding


Polar molecule – Why?
Hydrogen bond – Why is hydrogen attracted to a
negative charge in another molecule?
Properties of Water
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 How
do these water properties explain
why water is able to move up the small
xylem tubes in a plant stem?
Properties of Water
Moderation –
 Why does it take more thermal energy to
change the temperature of water as
contrasted to other substances?
 Relater to the moderating effects of large
bodies of water.
 Evaporation – why so effective at cooling –
relate to hydrogen bonds
 Temperature
Properties of Water
 ce
less dense than
liquid water –
Why important?
Solutions



Solvent
Solute
Why does water dissolve so many substances?
Acids, Bases and pH


What ion concentration does pH actually measure?
pH scale is exponential –



pH 7 is ____ times more acidic than pH 5?
pH 10 is ____ times more basic than pH 6?
Buffers – why important in living systems?
Monomers ↔ Polymers
 Dehydration

MonomerPolymer
 Hydrolysis

Reaction
Reaction
PolymerMonomer
 Functional
Groups
Carbs!
 Carbohydrates
are made of sugar
molecules.
 Names of sugars end in -ose
 Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
always in the same ratio!
• 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
• E.g., C6H12O6 = glucose
Saccharides?
 Monosaccharides:

Glucose, fructose
 Disaccharides:

two sugar units
Sucrose, maltose (!!)
 Polysaccharides:
units

just one sugar unit
Starch (!!)
more than two sugar
More polysaccharides…
 Glycogen:
 Cellulose
Chain of glucose monomers
(aka fiber): Protect plant cells
and stiffen the plant
 Structural or energy storage?
 Think: form and function.
Lipids

Hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules



Boundary that surrounds and contains the aqueous
(watery) contents of your cells
Chemical signals to cells
Fats and oils store energy in organisms
• Highest energy content of biomolecules
• Most calories


Fats protect and cushion body organs
Fats provide insulation in animals
Fat Molecule



What two monomers make a fat molecule?
What process links these two monomers together?
Why is there so much energy in a fat molecule?
Types of Fat Molecules
http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg
Steroids

Core set of four carbon rings

Differ in kinds and locations
of functional groups
Chemical signals (testosterone
and estrogen) – called
hormones
Cholesterol (found in
membranes surrounding cells)


http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol63/chime2001/
estrogen/FRAMES/Estradiol.gif
Proteins
 From
Greek word meaning “first place.”
 Tens of thousands of different kinds!
 All DNA codes for proteins.
 Responsible for almost all day-to-day
functioning of organisms
 Made up of amino acids
Building a Protein
 Amino


Acids: 20 different kinds
Carbon atom attached to one hydrogen
atom, one amino group (NH2), one carboxyl
group (COOH), and one side group
Side group is different in each amino acid!
http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Danielle%20Arnold/Figure1.jpg
Building a Protein, continued
Cysteine
(Cys)
•What is the difference between these
two amino acids?
From Amino Acid to Polypeptide
 What
kind of reaction is this?
Levels of Protein Structure
Complex
 Protein
Structure Complex
Hemoblobin
Sickle Cell Anemia
What causes the misshapen cell?
Protein Functions
 Antibodies
– fight disease
 Structures



Cell membrane and other cell organelles
Hair and fur
Muscles, skin and ligaments
 Many
hormones partial or totally proteins
Enzymes
 Breaking
bonds requires energy!!
 Enzyme = Biological Catalyst
 Enzymes: lowers the amount of energy
required so that reaction occurs quicker
 Enzyme names end in –ase
 Enzyme + substrate = lock + key