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Download Botany Worksheet Maryland Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 3
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Botany Worksheet Maryland Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 3 By Susan M. Trice Master Gardener Coordinator/ Horticulture Educator University of Maryland Extension Frederick County 2012 Botany Worksheet Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 3 Learning Objectives: Plant parts (roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits) and their functions The processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration in plants How the environment (light, temperature, and water) affects plant growth The terminology needs to use keys in the identification of leaves Plant classification by life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial) Plant classification by class (gymnosperm, angiosperm, monocot, and dicot) and The binomial system of plant nomenclature. What things require a sound understanding of the basic structure and processes of plants? 1. 2. 3. 4. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Use of plants: We cannot manufacture ____________ for ourselves. We must obtain food ____________ and __________ from plants. Plants use _____________ ____________ , ____________ _________________, and _______________________ to make their own food which is a process called ______________________________________. It is through this process that we get most of our _____________________. This material is then turned into _______________________ , will screen us from harmful ____________________ rays. Other items: Plants provide: ________________________________________________________________________ Jobs in: ______________________________________________________________________________ As gardeners and land stewardsAppreciate ____________________________________ and ___________________ _______________ Importance in ________________ ___________________________ and ______________ ______________________. Cells, Tissues and Organs All organisms are comprised of ___________. Inside the cell, functions are carried out in specific structures called ‘Organelles.’ Examples: ________________________________________________________________________ Groups of cell are organized into ________________ with _________________ _______________________. Tissue systems work together to form ___________ . Examples: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Meristem Tissues in which cells are actively dividing, resulting in the ____________________ of the plant. They differentiate into various cell types. Examples: _____________ meristem- tips of roots and shoots ________ __________ meristem- new leaves, branches, flowers Note: If apical meristem is removed (pinched off or pruned tips) it encourages axillary buds to grow. Often times this makes the plant ___________________. Grasses: The meristems are located near the ___________ of the plant at a node. The blade is pushed upward. This is why lawns can be mowed. This is also the reason cutting below the node inhibits the possibility of that node producing more grass blades. It simply isn’t there. And, with very little grass blade, there is little surface for photosynthesis to take place. Roots: Roots are the underground part of most plants. Note: Whatever happens in the roots can affect the whole plant. Their functions: Anchor the plant with a ____________________ or ______________________ root. Taproots are good anchors but also reach deep for ________________. To anchor the plant well, it is better to water plants deeply at the intervals rather than a little each day. Fibrous roots have many branches and are mostly found in the upper 1 foot of soil. Anatomy of roots: 3 zones= cell division---------- apical meristem elongation------------ grow and lengthen maturation----------- contains root hairs ____________ and __________________ are taken up by root hairs. Modified roots: Aerial roots-------orchids Parasitic roots --- mistletoe Storage roots---carrots, beets, turnips Stems: Stems support: ____________________________ _________________ and ___________________. transport ____________________________ and ___________________________. position the _____________________________ for _________________________. Stem contains _______________________ ______________________ which circulate sugars, water and minerals throughout the plants. Modified stem structures: Stolons - horizontal _________________ ground stems. Rhizomes – horizontal _______________ ground stems. Think of an invasive species that has rhizomes on stolons, which make them difficult to control. ________________________________ Crowns: leaves and flowers on a stem with very short internodes Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________ Tubers: underground stems that store starch Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________ Corms: look like bulbs but are actually stem tissue Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________ Bulbs: underground stems that are primarily __________ tissue Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________ Leaves The leaf is the site of __________________________________. It accepts light and regulates the _____________________________ of ____________________________. Attachment to the stem: Petiole -------------------- stem-like structure with a leaf blade Sessile (no petiole) ------ leaf blade only Vascular System and Venation Pattern The vascular system continues into the leaves where we refer to it as a ____________________________________. There are various vein patterns. Examples: Parallel Dichotomous Pinnately veined Palmately veined Leave breath (exchange ___________________________ and carbon dioxide. The leaf pores called __________________________ (______________________ singular form) Stomata are mostly found on the _____________ side of leaves. For aquatic leaves they are usually on the _________________ side. How stomata work: When the plant has _____________________________- the guard cells fill and become turgid, opening of the pore. When the plant is _____________________ the guard cells flatten and close the pore to reduce the rate of water loss. Modified leaves: Spines examples: _______________________________ Discourages animals from nibbling Less chance for evaporation Photosynthesis is done through the stem Covering aka: phloem tissue. Tendrils- examples: _______________________________ Attach to ______________ structure They may respond to touch Bracts- examples: _______________________________ +------------------- New hybrid-------------------------Regular Variety New hybrid-------------------------Older variety Needles- examples ________________________________________ Thick outer ___________________, little ____________ area recessed ____________________, specialized __________________ protecting the vascular stem. ------good for areas of ________________ ____________________ & _______________ ___________________. Conifers Cacti Bud An undeveloped _____________________ that becomes a ________________ or ______________________. The tough outer coat protects the bud from _____________ and the ____________________. The buds of the trees can withstand very low temperatures when dormant. Note: Some trees and shrubs set their buds in the fall for spring bloom. Name of this plant ______________________ Name of this plant _________________ Name of this plant ____________________ Name of this plant _____________________________ Reproductive Structures of Plants Angiosperms or Gymnosperms (make up most of the flowering plants) Examples: vegetables, fruits, ornamentals (non-flowering plants) Examples: conifers cone-bearing trees) including trees and shrubs, herbaceous plants Covered seeds Naked Seeds Flowers: Complete the worksheet for labeling flower parts Anatomy Terms: Male and female parts on same plant _______________________________ Male and female parts on separate plants _______________________________ Male flower, or STAMEN, parts include: ______________________ and _________________. Female flower, or PISTIL, parts include: __________________, _________________, _________________. A specific flower that has either male or female parts, not both, is called IMPERFECT. A flower that contains both male and female parts is called PERFECT. Petals are the structures, which are usually colorful, that surround internal structures. A collection of petals is called a ______________________. Sepals are modified leaves that protect the bud. Flowers that contain a pistil, stamen, petals and sepals is said to be COMPLETE. Flowers that are missing one of the following: pistil, stamen, petals or sepals is said to be INCOMPLETE. Symmetry of flowersRadial Bilateral Position of the Ovary: Superior Inferior Inflorescence- arrangement of florets on a flower stem. [Complete the separate worksheet.] Fertilization takes place…. When the male ____________________ grain unites with the female ________________. Note: Sometimes people wonder why their fruits and/or vegetable look fine but don’t produce fruit from a lack of pollination Cones: Conifer means ‘______________-________________’ and has ____________________ wood. Anatomy of Seeds: Three (3) parts of the seed: ________________, ________________, ________________ Germination: Q: When does it occur? A: When the seeds…… And _____________ is absorbed into the seed. Q: Do all seeds need light to germinate? A: Yes or No It is best to wait for 2-4 true leaves before transplanting seedlings. Dissemination: Means _________________________, ______________-___________________ animals, _________________________________ animals, or _________________________. Fruit: All flowering plants produce ________________________________________, whether we ____________ It or ___________________________. Many of the foods we call _________________________________________ are actually ‘fruit’. Examples: tomato……………squash………………peppers. Parts of a Seeds: Choose a fruit (other than a peach) Sketch it in the box. Label the following parts: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, seed Simple-Aggregate-Multiple Fruit Chart: Fill in the blanks. Type of Fruit Single Ovary Defining Characteristics ? Examples Peaches, Pears Aggregate One flower with several carpels ? ? Many flowers on one stem Pineapple Pollination: Self-Pollination (define): ______________________________________________________________________ Attracting and rewarding Pollinators: Each plant attracts and _________________ its own pollinators. A flower gives pollinators _____________________. Examples of Pollinators: Circle any picture below that is NOT illustrating a pollinator. Petal Color: The plant has one job: _____________________________ In order to survive, a seed must be _____________________, and that requires __________________, and ___________________________. Flowers pollinated by birds and butterflies tend to be _____________ and _________________, and produce lots of _________________ but lack a strong ______________. Flowers pollinated in the evening by ________________ and _________________ tend to have large pale or white flowers and _____________________ _____________________. Bees have vision that is shifted toward the ____________________ light. Bees are most often attracted to _________________, __________________ and _________________ colored flowers. \ Bee view Bee view Because bees perceive __________________ they can see color patterns in petals that are ____________ apparent to us. The color patterns are called __________________ ________________________. Petal shape and location: Snapdragons have a __________________________ _______________________________. Butterflies tend to walk around on _________________ of _________________________ _________________________, probing for nectar with their tongue. Beetles need ______________________ sturdy petals and wide access to the nectar. Wild ginger are at ground levels and can be pollinated by _______________, ______________________________ and ____________________. Hummingbirds can access nectar found at the base of a long _______________________________ flower. Note: This explains a lot of things and helps to answer such questions as: 1. Why do I have flowers but no fruit? 2. What caused that spruce tree to produce extra cones before it died? 3. Why is it important to control the undesirable pests without killing the pollinators? Take a moment to view the video: www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/xHkq1edcbk4?rel=0 <http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/xHkq1edcbk4?rel=0> Grouping of Plants Explain the difference between each of the following. ‘Woody Plants’ and ‘Herbaceous Plants’‘Deciduous’ and ‘Evergreen’‘Mono-Cot’ and ‘Di-Cot’Table 3-A Differences between monocots and dicots Monocots Dicots Leaves are _____________ and _______________ Leaves are __________ and ___________ veined. veined. Flower parts are in ______________. Flower parts are not usually in ______________ of three. Stems have vascular __________________ Vascular ______________ in the stem are scattered throughout. arranged in a ring. There is generally no _____________ (woody) There may be secondary growth. growth. __________ (Mono) leaf emerges from the seed. ____________ (Di) leaves emerge from the seed. Length of Life: Examples: Annual: _________________________ for one growing season, or year. _______________________ Biennial: ________________________ for two growing seasons. _______________________ (We generally harvest biennial vegetables the first season.) Perennials: Survives for many growing seasons. _______________________ Tender Perennials: 1) Some survive several growing seasons given mild climatic conditions. These plants may be known in our plant hardiness zone as ‘annuals’ but live through a mild winter. These same plants may be labels as perennials in warmer climates. 2) Others tender perennials, underground stems (bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes), are sometimes dug up and stored in a controlled climate for the winter months. Some are ‘hardy’ and may remain in the ground throughout the cold months. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Zones: Hardiness refers to the _________________________________ ____________________________________ that the plant will likely withstand. Maryland ranges from __________________ to _______________________. [Skip Classification of Plants for now. This will be covered in Botany II.] Regulation of Plant Growth 3 Metabolic Processes ________________________________________, ____________________________ and ________________________________ The plant must maintain an appropriate _________________________ among these processes for _______________________ health. Photosynthesis needs three things: CO2 + H 2O __________ ___________ ( Name them) + light energy __________ C6H12O6 ______________ + O2 _________________ Notes: Sometime growers supply carbon dioxide into their greenhouses to speed up flowering. If we have no sunlight, artificial lighting can promote photosynthesis. Plants need water to grow. Moisture in the air and soil can supply plants with water as well. Q: What is a hormone? A: A substance that is produced in ____________________ place and acts in ________________________. Match the following: a. b. c. d. e. Auxins Cytokinins Gibberillins Ethylene Abscisic Acid _______ promotes cell division and differentiation _______ helps increase air flow with increased stem lengths _______ found in terminal buds _______ establishes dormancy of seeds and buds. _______ reason florists do not put apples and bananas with their flowers Environmental Growth Regulations _____________ influences when, if or how a plant flower and direction of growth. Commercial growers can induce flowering, by adjusting _______________________________ ______________________________ and/or the application of ________________________________ hormones. Touch Example of how plants respond to touch or physical stress. Ethylene production may be _____________________. (strong winds produce shorter plants) ______________________ curl around an object. (how plants get support ______________________________ grow toward moist soil. Some __________________________ actually fold up. (Mimosa or Venus fly trap.) Other things that affect plant growth are: T______________________________________ V_____________________________________ W_____________________________________ H_____________________________________ G______________________________________ C_____________________________________ F______________________________________ M____________________________________ B______________________________________ Nutrients: Macro-Nutrients are needed in the GREATEST quantity. C________________________________ ____________________________) from CO2 (_____________________________ H________________________________ from H2O (____________________________________) O________________________________ from the air. The rest mainly come from the soil if it’s there in sufficient quantity under the right pH conditions. N________________________________ (N) P________________________________ (P) P________________________________ (K) S________________________________ (S) C________________________________ (Ca) I_________________________________ (Fe) M________________________________ (Mg) Micro-Nutrients are needed in LESSER amounts and are usually plentiful in the soil. B________________________________ (B) M________________________________ (Mn) M________________________________ (Mb) Z_________________________________ (Zn) C_________________________________ (Cu) S_________________________________ (Si) S_________________________________ (Na) C_________________________________ (Cl) C_________________________________ (Co) Note: Plants that are deficient in the various nutrients, will usually show signs and can lead to disease, stunted or abnormal growth. Here are a few examples: Tomato low on N (Yellow leaves all over.) Tomato low on Fe (Yellowing between green veins.) Plant Selection & Modification: (Define each of the following.) Natural Selection: Genetic Modification: Artificial Selection: Corn low on Ph (Leaves have purple colored margins.) Credits: Most photos copied from the internet for education purposes only.