Download Botany Worksheet Maryland Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 3

Botany Worksheet
Maryland Master Gardener Handbook
Chapter 3
By
Susan M. Trice
Master Gardener Coordinator/ Horticulture Educator
University of Maryland Extension
Frederick County
2012
Botany Worksheet
Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 3
Learning Objectives:
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Plant parts (roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits) and their functions
The processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration in plants
How the environment (light, temperature, and water) affects plant growth
The terminology needs to use keys in the identification of leaves
Plant classification by life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial)
Plant classification by class (gymnosperm, angiosperm, monocot, and dicot) and
The binomial system of plant nomenclature.
What things require a sound understanding of the basic structure and processes of plants?
1.
2.
3.
4.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Use of plants:
We cannot manufacture ____________ for ourselves.
We must obtain food ____________ and __________ from plants.
Plants use _____________ ____________ , ____________ _________________, and _______________________ to
make their own food which is a process called ______________________________________.
It is through this process that we get most of our _____________________.
This material is then turned into _______________________ , will screen us from harmful ____________________ rays.
Other items:
Plants provide: ________________________________________________________________________
Jobs in: ______________________________________________________________________________
As gardeners and land stewardsAppreciate ____________________________________ and ___________________ _______________
Importance in ________________ ___________________________ and ______________ ______________________.
Cells, Tissues and Organs
All organisms are comprised of ___________. Inside the cell, functions are carried out in specific structures called
‘Organelles.’ Examples: ________________________________________________________________________
Groups of cell are organized into ________________ with _________________ _______________________.
Tissue systems work together to form ___________ .
Examples: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Meristem
Tissues in which cells are actively dividing, resulting in the ____________________ of the plant.
They differentiate into various cell types.
Examples:
_____________ meristem- tips of roots and shoots
________ __________ meristem- new leaves, branches, flowers
Note: If apical meristem is removed (pinched off or pruned tips) it encourages axillary buds to grow.
Often times this makes the plant ___________________.
Grasses:
The meristems are located near the ___________ of the plant at a node.
The blade is pushed upward. This is why lawns can be mowed.
This is also the reason cutting below the node inhibits the possibility of that node producing more
grass blades. It simply isn’t there. And, with very little grass blade, there is little surface for
photosynthesis to take place.
Roots:
Roots are the underground part of most plants.
Note: Whatever happens in the roots can affect the whole plant.
Their functions:
Anchor the plant with a ____________________ or ______________________ root.
Taproots are good anchors but also reach deep for ________________.
To anchor the plant well, it is better to water plants deeply at the intervals rather than a little each day.
Fibrous roots have many branches and are mostly found in the upper 1 foot of soil.
Anatomy of roots:
3 zones=
cell division---------- apical meristem
elongation------------ grow and lengthen
maturation----------- contains root hairs
____________ and __________________ are taken up by root hairs.
Modified roots:
Aerial roots-------orchids
Parasitic roots --- mistletoe
Storage roots---carrots, beets, turnips
Stems:
Stems support: ____________________________ _________________ and ___________________.
transport ____________________________ and ___________________________.
position the _____________________________ for _________________________.
Stem contains _______________________ ______________________ which circulate sugars, water and minerals
throughout the plants.
Modified stem structures:
Stolons - horizontal _________________ ground stems.
Rhizomes – horizontal _______________ ground stems.
Think of an invasive species that has rhizomes on stolons, which make them difficult to control.
________________________________
Crowns: leaves and flowers on a stem with very short internodes
Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________
Tubers: underground stems that store starch
Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________
Corms: look like bulbs but are actually stem tissue
Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________
Bulbs: underground stems that are primarily __________ tissue
Examples: _______________________________________________________________________________
Leaves
The leaf is the site of __________________________________.
It accepts light and regulates the _____________________________ of ____________________________.
Attachment to the stem:
Petiole -------------------- stem-like structure with a leaf blade
Sessile (no petiole) ------ leaf blade only
Vascular System and Venation Pattern
The vascular system continues into the leaves where we refer to it as a ____________________________________.
There are various vein patterns.
Examples:
Parallel
Dichotomous
Pinnately veined
Palmately veined
Leave breath (exchange ___________________________ and carbon dioxide.
The leaf pores called __________________________ (______________________ singular form)
Stomata are mostly found on the _____________ side of leaves.
For aquatic leaves they are usually on the _________________ side.
How stomata work:
When the plant has _____________________________- the guard cells fill and become turgid, opening of the pore.
When the plant is _____________________ the guard cells flatten and close the pore to reduce the rate of water loss.
Modified leaves:
Spines
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examples: _______________________________
Discourages animals from nibbling
Less chance for evaporation
Photosynthesis is done through the stem
Covering aka: phloem tissue.
Tendrils- examples: _______________________________
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Attach to ______________ structure
They may respond to touch
Bracts- examples: _______________________________
+-------------------
New hybrid-------------------------Regular Variety
New hybrid-------------------------Older variety
Needles- examples ________________________________________
Thick outer ___________________, little ____________ area recessed ____________________, specialized
__________________ protecting the vascular stem.
------good for areas of ________________ ____________________ & _______________ ___________________.
Conifers
Cacti
Bud
An undeveloped _____________________ that becomes a ________________ or ______________________.
The tough outer coat protects the bud from _____________ and the ____________________.
The buds of the trees can withstand very low temperatures when dormant.
Note: Some trees and shrubs set their buds in the fall for spring bloom.
Name of this plant ______________________
Name of this plant _________________
Name of this plant ____________________
Name of this plant _____________________________
Reproductive Structures of Plants
Angiosperms
or
Gymnosperms
(make up most of the flowering plants)
Examples: vegetables, fruits, ornamentals
(non-flowering plants)
Examples: conifers cone-bearing trees)
including trees and shrubs, herbaceous plants
Covered seeds
Naked Seeds
Flowers: Complete the worksheet for labeling flower parts
Anatomy Terms:
Male and female parts on same plant
_______________________________
Male and female parts on separate plants
_______________________________
Male flower, or STAMEN, parts include: ______________________ and _________________.
Female flower, or PISTIL, parts include: __________________, _________________, _________________.
A specific flower that has either male or female parts, not both, is called IMPERFECT.
A flower that contains both male and female parts is called PERFECT.
Petals are the structures, which are usually colorful, that surround internal structures.
A collection of petals is called a ______________________.
Sepals are modified leaves that protect the bud.
Flowers that contain a pistil, stamen, petals and sepals is said to be COMPLETE.
Flowers that are missing one of the following: pistil, stamen, petals or sepals is said to be INCOMPLETE.
Symmetry of flowersRadial
Bilateral
Position of the Ovary:
Superior
Inferior
Inflorescence- arrangement of florets on a flower stem.
[Complete the separate worksheet.]
Fertilization takes place….
When the male ____________________ grain unites with the female ________________.
Note: Sometimes people wonder why their fruits and/or vegetable look fine but don’t produce fruit from a
lack of pollination
Cones:
Conifer means ‘______________-________________’ and has ____________________ wood.
Anatomy of Seeds:
Three (3) parts of the seed:
________________, ________________, ________________
Germination:
Q: When does it occur?
A: When the seeds……
And _____________ is absorbed into the seed.
Q: Do all seeds need light to germinate?
A: Yes or No
It is best to wait for 2-4 true leaves before transplanting seedlings.
Dissemination:
Means _________________________, ______________-___________________ animals, _________________________________ animals, or _________________________.
Fruit:
All flowering plants produce ________________________________________, whether we ____________
It or ___________________________.
Many of the foods we call _________________________________________ are actually ‘fruit’.
Examples: tomato……………squash………………peppers.
Parts of a Seeds:
Choose a fruit (other than a peach)
Sketch it in the box.
Label the following parts:
exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, seed
Simple-Aggregate-Multiple Fruit Chart: Fill in the blanks.
Type of Fruit
Single Ovary
Defining Characteristics
?
Examples
Peaches, Pears
Aggregate
One flower with several carpels
?
?
Many flowers on one stem
Pineapple
Pollination:
Self-Pollination (define): ______________________________________________________________________
Attracting and rewarding Pollinators: Each plant attracts and _________________ its own pollinators.
A flower gives pollinators _____________________.
Examples of Pollinators: Circle any picture below that is NOT illustrating a pollinator.
Petal Color:
The plant has one job: _____________________________
In order to survive, a seed must be _____________________, and that requires __________________, and
___________________________.
Flowers pollinated by birds and butterflies tend to be _____________ and _________________, and produce
lots of _________________ but lack a strong ______________.
Flowers pollinated in the evening by ________________ and _________________ tend to have large pale or
white flowers and _____________________ _____________________.
Bees have vision that is shifted toward the ____________________ light. Bees are most often attracted to
_________________, __________________ and _________________ colored flowers.
\
Bee view
Bee view
Because bees perceive __________________ they can see color patterns in petals that are ____________ apparent to us. The color patterns are called
__________________ ________________________.
Petal shape and location:
Snapdragons have a __________________________ _______________________________.
Butterflies tend to walk around on _________________ of _________________________
_________________________, probing for nectar with their tongue.
Beetles need ______________________ sturdy petals and wide access to the nectar.
Wild ginger are at ground levels and can be pollinated by _______________,
______________________________ and ____________________.
Hummingbirds can access nectar found at the base of a long _______________________________ flower.
Note: This explains a lot of things and helps to answer such questions as:
1. Why do I have flowers but no fruit?
2. What caused that spruce tree to produce extra cones before it died?
3. Why is it important to control the undesirable pests without killing the pollinators?
 Take a moment to view the video: www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/xHkq1edcbk4?rel=0
<http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/xHkq1edcbk4?rel=0>
Grouping of Plants
Explain the difference between each of the following.
‘Woody Plants’ and ‘Herbaceous Plants’‘Deciduous’ and ‘Evergreen’‘Mono-Cot’ and ‘Di-Cot’Table 3-A Differences between monocots and dicots
Monocots
Dicots
Leaves are _____________ and _______________ Leaves are __________ and ___________
veined.
veined.
Flower parts are in ______________.
Flower parts are not usually in ______________
of three.
Stems have vascular __________________ Vascular ______________ in the stem are
scattered throughout.
arranged in a ring.
There is generally no _____________ (woody) There may be secondary growth.
growth.
__________ (Mono) leaf emerges from the seed.
____________ (Di) leaves emerge from the
seed.
Length of Life:
Examples:
Annual: _________________________ for one growing season, or year.
_______________________
Biennial: ________________________ for two growing seasons.
_______________________
(We generally harvest biennial vegetables the first season.)
Perennials: Survives for many growing seasons.
_______________________
Tender Perennials: 1) Some survive several growing seasons given mild climatic conditions. These plants
may be known in our plant hardiness zone as ‘annuals’ but live through a mild winter. These same plants may
be labels as perennials in warmer climates. 2) Others tender perennials, underground stems (bulbs, corms,
tubers, rhizomes), are sometimes dug up and stored in a controlled climate for the winter months. Some are
‘hardy’ and may remain in the ground throughout the cold months.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Zones:
Hardiness refers to the _________________________________ ____________________________________
that the plant will likely withstand.
Maryland ranges from __________________ to
_______________________.
[Skip Classification of Plants for now. This will be covered in Botany II.]
Regulation of Plant Growth
3 Metabolic Processes ________________________________________, ____________________________
and ________________________________
The plant must maintain an appropriate _________________________ among these processes for
_______________________ health.
Photosynthesis needs three things:
CO2
+
H 2O
__________ ___________
( Name them)
+
light energy
__________
C6H12O6
______________
+
O2
_________________
Notes:
Sometime growers supply carbon dioxide into their greenhouses to speed up flowering.
If we have no sunlight, artificial lighting can promote photosynthesis.
Plants need water to grow. Moisture in the air and soil can supply plants with water as well.
Q: What is a hormone?
A: A substance that is produced in ____________________ place and acts in ________________________.
Match the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberillins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
_______ promotes cell division and differentiation
_______ helps increase air flow with increased stem lengths
_______ found in terminal buds
_______ establishes dormancy of seeds and buds.
_______ reason florists do not put apples and bananas with their flowers
Environmental Growth Regulations
_____________ influences when, if or how a plant flower and direction of growth.
Commercial growers can induce flowering, by adjusting _______________________________
______________________________ and/or the application of ________________________________
hormones.
Touch
Example of how plants respond to touch or physical stress.
Ethylene production may be _____________________. (strong winds produce shorter plants)
______________________ curl around an object. (how plants get support
______________________________ grow toward moist soil.
Some __________________________ actually fold up. (Mimosa or Venus fly trap.)
Other things that affect plant growth are:
T______________________________________
V_____________________________________
W_____________________________________
H_____________________________________
G______________________________________
C_____________________________________
F______________________________________
M____________________________________
B______________________________________
Nutrients:
Macro-Nutrients are needed in the GREATEST quantity.
C________________________________
____________________________)
from
CO2
(_____________________________
H________________________________
from H2O (____________________________________)
O________________________________
from the air.
The rest mainly come from the soil if it’s there in sufficient quantity under the right pH conditions.
N________________________________ (N)
P________________________________ (P)
P________________________________ (K)
S________________________________ (S)
C________________________________ (Ca)
I_________________________________ (Fe)
M________________________________ (Mg)
Micro-Nutrients are needed in LESSER amounts and are usually plentiful in the soil.
B________________________________ (B)
M________________________________ (Mn)
M________________________________ (Mb)
Z_________________________________ (Zn)
C_________________________________ (Cu)
S_________________________________ (Si)
S_________________________________ (Na)
C_________________________________ (Cl)
C_________________________________ (Co)
Note: Plants that are deficient in the various nutrients, will usually show signs and can lead to disease,
stunted or abnormal growth. Here are a few examples:
Tomato low on N
(Yellow leaves all over.)
Tomato low on Fe
(Yellowing between green veins.)
Plant Selection & Modification: (Define each of the following.)
Natural Selection:
Genetic Modification:
Artificial Selection:
Corn low on Ph
(Leaves have purple colored margins.)
Credits:
Most photos copied from the internet for education purposes only.