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Review II for Making a Habitable Earth and Plate Tectonics Units Integrated Science On a separate handout is a picture of the Carbon Cycle and inventory for the Earth’s atmosphere and surface (including crust) The numbers are in petagrams (1015 grams) 1.) In petagrams, how much carbon resides in the following storages: Soil ____________ Fossil (this includes coal and gas) ____________ Plants ______________ Atmosphere ______________ Surface ocean _____________ Deep ocean ____________ Sediments at ocean bottom ___________ 2.) In petagrams, how much carbon is added to the carbon cycle each year by human activity? ________________ What are the three places this carbon goes each year, and how many petagrams are added at each place? Place ____________ Petagrams added from human activity ______ Place ____________ Petagrams added from human activity ______ Place ______________ Petagrams added from human activity ____ 3.) At the air-sea interchange, how many petagrams enter the sea? __________ At the air-sea interchange, how many petagrams leave the sea? __________ Is there a difference between the values above? ________ If so, where does this extra come from? _____________ The residence time of something is the amount of time, on average, one would expect the object to stay in a storage location. 4.) Two factors determine the residence time, the amount in the reservoir and the rate of input or output of the substance to or from the reservoir. Write an equation for the value of the residence time. 5.) A store has an inventory of 500 liter containers of milk. At what rate must this milk be sold if it is to be sold in 20 days? 6.) From our carbon cycle sheet we see that the input of carbon from the atmosphere to the near ocean surface is 90 petagrams per year. The diagram also indicates that the total reservoir of carbon in the near ocean surface is 1,000 petagrams. What is the average residence time of carbon in the near ocean surface? 7.) The carbon cycle sheet indicates that the reservoir of carbon in the atmosphere is 800 petagrams. Each year the amount of carbon entering the atmospheric carbon domain is, in petagrams, 60 from plant respiration, 60 from microbial respiration and decomposition, 90 from the ocean surface, and 4from human activity. What is the average residence time of carbon in the atmosphere? Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 8.) a.) In 1912 a person proposed a theory that at one time the continents were joined into one large congtinent? What was the name of this theory, and what is the name of the supercontinet? b.) What happened to this supercontinent? c.) What evidence was there that supported the hypothesis that at one time all of the continents were joined together? d.) What part of the continental drift theory did geologists reject, and why? 9.) a.) After World War II what very prominent feature did those mapping the ocean bottom find? b.) What was the pattern observed from magnetic anomalies that were taken perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridges? c.) What is the term for the new theory that replaced continental drift, and how did it explain that continental surfaces are moving across the earth’s surface? 10.) Describe in a short sentence, phrase, or diagram the meaning of the following terms? a.) Plate b.) Asthenosphere c.) Lithosphere d.) Benioff Zone e.) Constructive boundary 11.) Describe briefly what is happening at each of the following types of plate boundaries, hazard(s) associated with the boundary, and give at least one example of such a boundary at the Earth’s surface. a.) Diverging (constructive) What it is? Example(s). Hazards. b.) Transform (conservative) What it is? Example(s). Hazards. c.) Continental-continental convergence What it is? Example(s). Hazards. d.) oceanic-continental convergence What it is? Example(s). Hazards. e.) Oceanic-oceanic convergence (with one of the plates having a nearby continent) What it is? Example(s). Hazards. 12.) What is the Rayleigh equation, and what are the factors that are used to compute its value. 13.) Often textbooks show plate motion as being created by large scale convection with simple closed cells, as illustrated with the diagram below: Is this diagram likely to be a good representation of how the plates move? Why or why not? 14.) It is thought there are two factors involved in making plates move, one at each end of the plate. Explain these factors. 15.) What is a hot spot, and how is it related to large scale convection in the Earth’s mantle? 16.) Explain what a plume head and a plume tail are. Also, tell what happens typically when a plume head reaches the Earth’s surface to start a head spot, and the feature that forms if the hot spot is at the surface over a continental region or over an oceanic region. 17.) List three examples of where a plume head has reached the Earth’s surface and the name of the feature that resulted. 18.) Be able to discuss the map and graph shown below: