Download Review II for Making a Habitable Earth and Plate Tectonics Units

Review II for Making a Habitable Earth and Plate Tectonics Units
Integrated Science
On a separate handout is a picture of the Carbon Cycle and inventory for the
Earth’s atmosphere and surface (including crust)
The numbers are in petagrams (1015 grams)
1.) In petagrams, how much carbon resides in the following storages:
Soil ____________
Fossil (this includes coal and gas) ____________
Plants ______________
Atmosphere ______________
Surface ocean _____________
Deep ocean ____________
Sediments at ocean bottom ___________
2.) In petagrams, how much carbon is added to the carbon cycle each year by
human activity? ________________
What are the three places this carbon goes each year, and how many
petagrams are added at each place?
Place ____________ Petagrams added from human activity ______
Place ____________ Petagrams added from human activity ______
Place ______________ Petagrams added from human activity ____
3.) At the air-sea interchange, how many petagrams enter the sea? __________
At the air-sea interchange, how many petagrams leave the sea? __________
Is there a difference between the values above? ________ If so, where does
this extra come from? _____________
The residence time of something is the amount of time, on average, one would
expect the object to stay in a storage location.
4.) Two factors determine the residence time, the amount in the reservoir and
the rate of input or output of the substance to or from the reservoir. Write
an equation for the value of the residence time.
5.) A store has an inventory of 500 liter containers of milk. At what rate must
this milk be sold if it is to be sold in 20 days?
6.) From our carbon cycle sheet we see that the input of carbon from the
atmosphere to the near ocean surface is 90 petagrams per year. The
diagram also indicates that the total reservoir of carbon in the near ocean
surface is 1,000 petagrams. What is the average residence time of carbon in
the near ocean surface?
7.) The carbon cycle sheet indicates that the reservoir of carbon in the
atmosphere is 800 petagrams. Each year the amount of carbon entering the
atmospheric carbon domain is, in petagrams, 60 from plant respiration, 60
from microbial respiration and decomposition, 90 from the ocean surface,
and 4from human activity. What is the average residence time of carbon in
the atmosphere?
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
8.) a.) In 1912 a person proposed a theory that at one time the continents were
joined into one large congtinent? What was the name of this theory,
and what is the name of the supercontinet?
b.) What happened to this supercontinent?
c.) What evidence was there that supported the hypothesis that at one time
all of the continents were joined together?
d.) What part of the continental drift theory did geologists reject, and why?
9.) a.) After World War II what very prominent feature did those mapping the
ocean bottom find?
b.) What was the pattern observed from magnetic anomalies that were
taken perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridges?
c.) What is the term for the new theory that replaced continental drift, and
how did it explain that continental surfaces are moving across the
earth’s surface?
10.) Describe in a short sentence, phrase, or diagram the meaning of the
following terms?
a.) Plate
b.) Asthenosphere
c.) Lithosphere
d.) Benioff Zone
e.) Constructive boundary
11.) Describe briefly what is happening at each of the following types of plate
boundaries, hazard(s) associated with the boundary, and give at least one
example of such a boundary at the Earth’s surface.
a.) Diverging (constructive)
What it is?
Example(s).
Hazards.
b.) Transform (conservative)
What it is?
Example(s).
Hazards.
c.) Continental-continental convergence
What it is?
Example(s).
Hazards.
d.) oceanic-continental convergence
What it is?
Example(s).
Hazards.
e.) Oceanic-oceanic convergence (with one of the plates having a nearby
continent)
What it is?
Example(s).
Hazards.
12.) What is the Rayleigh equation, and what are the factors that are used to
compute its value.
13.) Often textbooks show plate motion as being created by large scale
convection with simple closed cells, as illustrated with the diagram below:
Is this diagram likely to be a good representation of how the plates move?
Why or why not?
14.) It is thought there are two factors involved in making plates move, one at
each end of the plate. Explain these factors.
15.) What is a hot spot, and how is it related to large scale convection in the
Earth’s mantle?
16.) Explain what a plume head and a plume tail are. Also, tell what happens
typically when a plume head reaches the Earth’s surface to start a head
spot, and the feature that forms if the hot spot is at the surface over a
continental region or over an oceanic region.
17.) List three examples of where a plume head has reached the Earth’s surface
and the name of the feature that resulted.
18.) Be able to discuss the map and graph shown below: