Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Athenian democracy wikipedia , lookup
History of science in classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Spartan army wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Persian Wars wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of Greece and the Greek world wikipedia , lookup
Corinthian War wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek religion wikipedia , lookup
Unit 5:The Growth of Empires and Governments Chapter 5: Early Civilizations of Greece Section I: Early Civilizations of Greece (Pages 100-104) This section is about: How the geography of Greece affected the development of two ancient civilizations of traders and palace builders. The economic and cultural life of the Minoans and Mycenaean's. How historical events of these cultures have been preserved in legends and epics. Like everywhere else: geography matters in Greece The Pindus Mountains isolated the Greek people from one another. It’s on the Balkan peninsula The southernmost part: Peloponnesus Has many islands Greece is different from some of our other places so far Not very good farmland No great big rivers Unpredictable rains The were able to grow barley, grapes and olives (they grow okay in rocky soil). They also raised pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens (smaller animals). That kind of food was scarce. But… they did have lots of… Water Most people lived near the sea. Good harbors for trading. Good sailors, fishermen, and traders. Main exports: olive oil, wine, wool, and marble. People who lived inland were separated from each other (mountains), so different communities ended being quite different from each other. The Greeks have always believed they had the most beautiful land on Earth. Their location helped them develop the foundations for western civilization. (the way Europe and the America’s lived) The first great Aegean civilization was: the Minoans Named after Minos (the legendary king of Greece) He had a monarchy (government with a single ruler). They had fine crafts, built great palaces, and played sports. Their most important palace was at Knossos The Palace of Knossos The largest palace on Crete. The royal family, it’s advisors, craft-workers, and servants all lived there. It had store rooms, workshops, large bathrooms, complex plumbing. Art was an important part of their lives with decorative vases, ivory figurines, jewelry, and colorful frescoes on the walls (of bulls, dolphins, people, sporting events, and nature scenes) The Minoans were peaceful sea traders It seems they lived in peace for a long time. They traded with the Greek islands, the Greek mainland, and even the Egyptians. But- they weren’t Greek – they were Aegean No-one really knows why they disappeared (maybe a volcanic eruption – the island of Thera) Just after the time of the Minoans, the Mycenaean's began a culture in Greece. Lived on the mainland of Greece. The first Greek people to leave a written record. Ruled by kings from big palaces. Traded with the Minoans some – so they had a “cultural exchange” with them. The Mycenaean's lived… In great palaces. But, there’s were surrounded by thick walls. The lived about the same way as the Minoans Mycenaean’s also had colonies around the Mediterranean, and traded with many other cultures. By 1100 BC, Mycenaean’s were gone Palaces were destroyed/abandoned. Why gone? Civil Wars? Natural Disasters? Invaders? We’re not sure. People started settling in smaller villages. Some started moving other places – like Sicily and Italy One of the biggest things the Mycenaean’s are known for is: The Trojan War The Mycenaean’s and other Greeks attacked Troy (a rich trading city). The War started when a Trojan prince named Paris kidnapped Helen (the wife of the brother of the Mycenaean king). To try and rescue her, the Greeks battled the Trojans, seized Troy, and burned it to the ground. Is this story a myth or true? Some of the best stories from this time come from the Iliad and the Odyssey These were two long poems – probably by Homer. The Iliad describes the last days of the Trojan War. The Odyssey tells a story of the long trip home – by Odysseus (a hero of the Trojan War). Of course, religion was important to the people of Greece They believed there were Gods around in everyday life. They had human feelings and human form. They believed they needed to please their gods, so they built great temples to honor them. The Parthenon (on the Acropolis) Parthenon Design Who are these people? Some of the main Greek Gods: (The 12 Olympians) 1. Zeus 2. Athena 3. Hera 4. Hades 5. Poseidon 6. Dionysus 7. Ares 8. Aphrodite 9. Apollo 10. Artemis 11. Demeter 12. Hermes 13. Hestia 14. Hephaestus The goddess of love, beauty and desire. The goddess of wisdom, warfare, battle strategy, heroic endeavor, handicrafts and reason. King of the Underworld and god of the dead and the hidden wealth of the Earth. Queen of marriage, women, childbirth, heirs, kings and empires. The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses. The king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky, weather, thunder, lightning, law, order, and fate. Greek Gods and Goddesses This is a picture of what’s on page B of your packets Section II: Greek City-States Rise to Power (Pages 106-111) This section is about: How Greek towns organized into city-states with different forms of government. How Sparta was governed by military leaders. How Spartan society emphasized military discipline. How Athens developed a limited democracy in which only free men could participate. How Sparta, Athens, and many other city-states united to defeat Persian invaders in the Persian Wars. Before we start, we should look at the “Main Ideas” on page 106 Lets also look at “Compare and Contrast” on the same page – but let’s change the last two words (ancient Greece) to “the United States.” Greek City-States Greek towns organized themselves into “city-states” – which they called a “polis.” Each had between a few hundred and a few thousand people. It was usually as big as a city and the area around it (about like our towns/cities and their suburbs now). They usually had a fortress on the top – called an acropolis (highest point). It was for protection from attacks, but was also the center of their government and their religion. Below the acropolis: the main part of the city – with a public square and a marketplace for farmers, shopkeepers and politicians. There were several citystates in Greece. Being a citizen of a citystates was important – along with the responsibilities and duties of being a citizen. Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet – and later their language (they thought if you didn’t speak Greek, you were a “barbarian.” City-State Government Each polis tried to set up it’s own government. Citizen-soldiers would defend their city-states if the needed to. They fought in a “phalanx” with helmets, body armor, spears, and swords (bronze). It was expensive for all their equipment, so only wealthy people (or their slaves) could be soldiers. Wealthy landowners began to demand some form of power Some city-states became aristocracies – run by a small, wealthy group. Wealthy nobles and businessmen also wanted some power and formed oligarchies (small powerful group in control – “the rule of a few”) After 800 BC, iron weapons changed things – common people could afford them, and then they wanted more power. Athens and Sparta end up becoming two of Greece’s most powerful and most famous citystates Sparta By 700 BC, Sparta had conquered many of it’s neighbors. There were even more conquered people in Sparta than there were Spartans. To control them, they developed a very military lifestyle. Very little individual freedoms, family life, the arts, luxuries. Today – if you live a “Spartan life” – you live with very few (or no) luxuries. Sparta Governed by 2 military leaders/kings. Had a 28 member council of elders (men over 60). The chose issues to be presented to “the assembly.” The Assembly was made up of any free male over 30. The Assembly had 5 overseers (ephors) who gave advice to the kings (who had to “consider” the advice). Ephors were also responsible for the education of Sparta youth. Sparta was all about military They were all about producing soldiers and keeping them in shape. When boys were 7 they were sent to live in “barracks” to start to train to be soldiers. They were underfed and only given 1 pair of light clothes (to toughen them up). They lived there until they were 30. Then, they could live at home (even though they ate each day with all the other soldiers). When they were 30, they could vote. They were available to fight until they were 60. Boys were told: “come home with your shield or on it.” Why??????? Spartan Women Had more rights than other Greek women. They could inherit land. Women often controlled property after their husbands were killed while fighting). They were encouraged to exercise and keep physically fit (so they could have strong, healthy babies). Girls were taught to run, wrestle, and throw a spear. They also got to go to school a little. Sparta (History Channel) Athens Athens grew quickly (around 750 BC). They had some tyrants (unfair rulers) who tried to gain power, but Draco was appointed to establish new rules and laws (even though he came up with unpopular and harsh laws). Death was a penalty for most crimes (even smaller ones). It was pretty much a military state (government where the police/military are in charge) Reforms and a Limited Democracy When they almost had a civil war, Solon was given authority to write new laws. He tried to balance power between rich and poor (it used to be if you couldn’t re-pay someone, you became their slave). He gave citizenship to some foreigners – to attract more business to Athens. He came up with an idea to have a council of 500 citizens to propose laws to the assembly (free male citizens). This is probably the first legislature (law making group) and created some of the ideas for democracy later used by… Um… But – only free adult men were considered citizens. The School of Athens / By Raphael (some of the world’s greatest thinkers) Education in Athens (yes – school even then) Boys were expected to become wellrounded individuals. It was important to be able to read, write, and do arithmetic. Also: play musical instruments, sing, and exercise their body. Learned public speaking, debating, and other political skills. Recited memory passages (like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey). The wealthier learned all this better than the poor. Girls – stayed at home and maybe learned a little on their own. By 499 BC. the Greeks had to unite. To fight against the Persians (in many battles). Sparta and Athens even fought together against the Persians (in the Persian War). At one time Athens and Sparta weren’t doing to well. But they re-grouped and in the battle of Salamis (first naval battle ever recorded) beat the Persians (300 sunk ships to 40). There were more battles, but the Persians finally ended up going home. After these wars… The Spartans went back to Sparta to do their thing. Athens wanted to make sure they would be okay if the Persians attacked again. They organized an alliance (including 140 city-states that fought in the Persian Wars) which promised to help defend each other. The center of this alliance (friendship) was in Athens – which ended up giving Athens enormous power. This ends up being “the Golden Age of Athens.” Herodotus: the “Father of History” We get a lot of these stories from him. He traveled around the Mediterranean to study places he wrote about and to learn stories of historic events which took place there. He did present many facts, but also included many “legends” that may or may not have been true. What do you think about that? Horrible Histories: Groovy Greeks (Athens School/Spartan Musical) Horrible Histories: Spartan Parent Teacher Conference Horrible Histories: Spartan/Athens Wife Swap Section III: The Golden Age of Athens (Pages 117-117) This section is about: How Athens, under Pericles expanded its democratic government, prospered economically, and experienced a golden age in which architecture, literature, and philosophy flourished. How the Peloponnesian War brought an end to Greek unity. When the Persian Wars were over, Athens was messed up. But in a short time they were the richest, most powerful city-state in Greece. One way that got rich was by demanding tribute from the other members of the Delian League. This led to the birth of the Athenian Empire (their “classical age”). Politics, Art, and Literature flourished, there was order, balance, and harmony in Athens. It’s also called the Age of Pericles (Athens ruler at the time). Pericles believed in a direct democracy With many people active in government. They served in the assembly – or on a jury – a group of people who make a decision (they even got paid for it). This was done “by lot” – picked at random. They used a lot of juries (20025000 per day). Even though anyone could become a public official, you had a better chance if you were rich (they had better knowledge, experience, and time) The assembly also had the power to hold an “unpopularity contest” to get rid of people As he was a great speaker, Pericles… Convinced Athenians to rebuild Athens (from tribute money and Athenian silver mines) Other city-states didn’t like their money going to that, but Pericles said Athens could use it’s money any way it wanted to (since he was protecting them with part of it). Money (a tax? paid for “protection”) Athens’ Golden Age culture Greek citizens developed their own styles of architecture, art, and literature. Athens experienced a “Golden Age.” Athens was a place for artists, writers, and thinkers to dare to ask questions. They weren't depending on the gods for their answers – they wanted to find out why for themselves. Architecture and Art A time when they built magnificent temples for their gods and for public / commercial uses (Homes were pretty basic though). A lot of great paintings, sculpture, and ceramics comes from this time (with heroic acts of the gods, historical events, and daily life). Humans in art at this time were not shown as they really were, but in nearly ideal and perfect form. Earliest Greek writing was done in poetry, but one of their great innovations was drama (usually in open air theaters – done by men) Plays could be tragedies or comedies. Tragedies explored deep ideas and conflicts (with lots of suffering and misery). Comedies often poked fun at leaders and their policies. They even had drama contests – with rules to make them fair. The Father of History (Herodotus) would even research the past to make sure he had good plays. The Three Great Thinkers were Philosophers who asked: Where did the world come from?” and What is the world made of?” Socrates Believed that goodness is knowledge and that doing evil is worse than suffering from evil. Young people loved him, but others said he was corrupting the youth. A jury sentenced him to death and he killed himself by drinking hemlock (a powerful poison) Plato Was a student of Socrates. Most of what we know about Socrates is because Plato “took notes.” Plato wrote about “the ideal society,” the nature of goodness and friendship, and the idea of truth. He started a school called “the Academy.” Aristotle Was a student of Plato. He was a teacher of a guy named Alexander the Great (will come along a little later). He set up a school that taught his students to learn by observation. He considered what makes a good life and studied which governments were the best. He favored moderation – and avoiding extremes (liked the middle class) Plato Aristotle Socrates The Peloponnesian War Many of the great men of Athens fought in the Peloponnesian War. Athens vs. Sparta Sparta led an army into Attica (an area near Athens). The Athenians didn’t fight – they retreated back to their walled city (bad idea). A plague broke out in Athens and many died (while the Spartans were destroying the surrounding countryside). Even Pericles died from the plague during this time. Fighting continued for 8 more years There was peace for a while – until the Athenians invaded Sicily (where they were defeated). Athens was having struggles back home for power (an oligarchy even took over for a while). Finally, the Spartans surprised and destroyed the Athenian Navy and Athens was starved into surrender by a Spartan blockade. Even though the war was over, there would not be Greek unity (not 1 big empire). Horrible Histories: Socrates Death Section IV: Alexander Builds a Great Empire (Pages 118-121) This section is about: How Phillip II of Macedonia gained control over his own country and then over all of Greece. How his son Alexander built a great empire that stretched from Egypt to India. How Alexander’s empire spread Greek culture throughout much of the ancient world. By about 400 BC, the Athenians, the Spartans, and Thebes had all tried to control Greece. At the same time, Macedonia was becoming stronger. King Philip made friends with many of the Greek city-states by threatening, bribing, and charming Greek leaders into coming to his side. People in Athens warned others about Philip and Macedonia, but by the time they listened, it was too late. Phillip’s 18 year old son (Alexander) defeated Athens and the southern Greek city-states in battle. Before Phillip could united Greece and Macedonia (and Persia), he was assassinated. Alexander became king of Macedonia and ruler of Greece (at 20). He had the most powerful army in Europe It was going to be his “job” to conquer the Persian Empire. Alexander had great courage and leadership abilities and was an inspiring commander Don’t forget - he was trained under Aristotle. He believed he would be equal to Achilles (hero in the Trojan War) Alexander is thought of as one of the greatest military leaders of ancient times. His army never lost a battle. He not only captured existing cities – he built new ones (like Alexandria, Egypt). Alexander continued on… He marched for 70 days into India (during monsoon season). They defeated an army of soldiers mounted on elephants. He wanted to keep going, but his soldiers had enough (they had marched about 11,000 miles). He was disappointed, but was forced to start back home. Back in Babylon, Alexander got sick, and died. None of his men were powerful enough to take over what Alexander had built. A Macedonian general named Ptolemy I ended up being the next ruler Because a lot of Greeks settled in Alexander’s new cities They brought Greek language, customs, and culture with them. This mixing of cultures is called assimilation. The mixing of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian civilizations culture is called the Hellenistic Period. During the Hellenistic period Use of money increased. For the first time – there were real banks. Cities like Rhodes became rich: through trade. Alexandria replaced Athens as a center of learning and education (had the largest library, second tallest building, and a giant statue (the colossus). Hellenistic writers even made a list of… (in a couple of slides) The Royal Library of Alexandria, was the largest and most significant library of the ancient world The Lighthouse at Alexandria was said to have measured between 115 and 135 m (380 and 440 ft) in height. It may have been the world's third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids. It Lasted until 1303 (earthquake) The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the Greek Titan Helios, built on the Greek island of Rhodes between 292 and 280 BC. It was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus The Seven “Wonders” of the World (the ancient world) (from left to right, top to bottom): Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria 7 Wonders of the Ancient World Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Hellenistic Arts and Science New philosophies/beliefs developed Epicureans Believed the ideal life was free from pain. People should live simply – and in tune with nature Stoicism People should react with calm to life’s events. People should work with a sense of duty to protect people’s rights Many inventions and discoveries from this time are still useful today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hippocrates Pythagoras Eratosthenes Euclid Archimedes A. B. C. D. E. Geometry theorems, invented the catapult, a pulley and developed new weapons. Figured the Earth’s circumference, made a calendar with leap years, worked with prime numbers. Wrote a Geometry book that was used for about 2000 years. “The Father of Medicine” Created a geometry formula for figuring out the size of a right triangle. Horrible Histories: Alexander the Great Horrible Histories: Alexander the Great Song