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World Geography Fall Units of Study pdf Fall Units of Study doc Unit 8 - Plate Tectonics - Earth's Structure Globe resources: Globe Chapter 6 key terms and lesson summaries Globe Resources Ch 6 Online lessons from oceans: SJSU Expedition 8 - Plate Boundaries Beneath the Sea http://oceansjsu.com/105d/exped_boundaries/1.html SJSU Expedition 7 -Commotion Beneath The Ocean - continental drift and plate tectonics http://oceansjsu.com/105d/exped_commotion/1.html Inner Core - nye Structure of the Earth video 2 Plate Tectonics video 1 – Discovery, plate tectonics, Mid- Atlantic Ridge, Rift, spreading boundary, colliding plates, magma Plate Tectonics video 2 Plate tectonics, face of the planet, Pangaea, pacific ocean shrinking slowly about ½ an each per year, when plates slide each other as the sand Andrea fault there are earthquakes in other places they convert Plate Tectonics video 3 Discovery segment 3 plate tectonics, earth’s layers , the crust is hard and made up of rocks made up or rocks contain varies variables that’s is also very thin. The lithosphere, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, transforms boundaries Plate Tectonics video 4 Earthquakes, planet is counseling changing Plate Tectonics 5 Earths surface consists of about a dozen large sections called plates Plate movement plays a key role in earthquakes and volcanoes Earth has several layers , the core, mantle and crust Earthquakes occur at fault lines A scientist who studies earth movement is called a Seismologist Plate Tectonics 6 Alfred Verger proposed that earth was once formed together, forming one super continent called Pangaea Over millions of years the continents spread apart Movement of continents was explained by the theory of plate tectonics Earth is composed of a basic 4 layers , the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core The crust and upper mantle make up the Lithosphere Under the lithosphere is another layer of the mantle called the Asthenosphere There are 4 types of plate boundaries divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, transform boundaries and plate boundary zones Earthquakes and Volcanoes video Best explanation for earthquakes is the theory of plate tectonics Earths crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates Tectonic plates are responsible for forming oceans, valleys, mountains and volcanoes over time Moving plates create cracks called faults Seismology is the study of earthquakes Seismographs are used to record and measure ground vibrations Moment magnitude measures how much total energy was released during an earthquake Plate Boundaries - picture Plate Tectonics animations with audio - holt http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c10/s01/vc01/hq7c_c10s01_vc01f s.htm continental drift (Pangaea ) hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations continental drift is a theory that process that continents can drift apart another and have done so in the past Pangaea broke into 2 pieces http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c10/s02/vc01/hq7c_c10s02_vc01f s.htm Tectonics plates and plate tectonics Earths crust is broken up into pieces called tectonic plates The map shows the major tectonic plates and the movements http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c11/s02/vc01/hq7c_c11s02_vc01f s.htm Types of mountains When tectonic under go compression or tension they could form mountains Folded mountains form when rock layers get squeeze together and pushed upward Fault – block mountains form where the faulting breaks the earths crust in large blocks and it causes some blocks to drop Volcanic mountains are a vent or fissure in the earths surface through which magma and gases are expelled http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s01/vc01/hq7c_c12s01_vc01f s.htm Plate Motion and Earthquake Characteristics How Transform motion occurs How convergent motion occurs How divergent motion occurs http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc05/hq7c_c13s01_vc05f s.htm The ring of fire Volcanoes Plate boundaries are where tectonic plates collide and separate past each other Magma to travel upward through the crust The ring of fire contains nearly 75 % of the worlds active land volcanoes http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc06/hq7c_c13s01_vc06f s.htm A convergent boundary is formed where two tectonic plates collide Increased heat and pressure cause the water in the oceanic crust to be released The water mixes with the mantle rock and lowers the rocks melting point, creating magma The magma rises toward the surface of the Earth’s crust and forms a volcano http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc07/hq7c_c13s01_vc07f s.htm When two tectonic plates move towards one another, the boundary where they meet is called convergent boundary When plates slide against each other a seductions zone is formed Volcanic mountains form over the type of convergent boundaries that include seductions zones http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc08/hq7c_c13s01_vc08f s.htm Mantle plumes are columns of rising magma that begin deep in the earth A hot spot is a volcanically active area of Earth’s surface that is thought to lie directly above a rising mantle plumes Hot spots often form long chains of volcanoes because the mantle plume below a hot spot stays in the same location, while a tectonic plate moves over it Continental Drift video - Nye Alfred Wegner came up with the theory that at one point all the continents in the world had once formed a single land mass called Pangaea Pangaea- All earth Millions of years later Pangaea split apart and continents drifted away, he called it the continental drift Seafloor spreading video- Nye Before the second world war most scientists imagined that the bottom of the ocean was flat Harry Hess discovered that the sea floor was spreading Hess concluded that molten rock was being forced up from inside the earth at the ridge Seductions recycles the crust back inside the earth http://www.sandi.net/cms/lib/CA01001235/Centricity/Domain/7724/Magnetic_Field_Re versal.mov Earths magnetic field acts like a shield protecting our planet from the suns dangerous radiation Bernard Burns made a discovery that at some time in the past the earths magnetic field had changed directions and reversed itself Scientist detect that mars once had a magnetic field At some point the heat source of the mars core was extinguished causing the planet to die Plate Tectonics - nye In the 1960’s both Hess and Wagner’s idea’s were synthesized into a single theory, “ The science of plate tectonics” Scientists have concluded that not only is the earths crust moving but the surface of the planet is broken into large interconnected plates USGS Illustrated book on plate tectonics http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html Plate Tectonics ppt holt Plate Tectonics Glencoe ppt ch 17 Plate tectonics video quiz Globe Ch 1 resources - worksheets, practice tests, answers http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/index.html Unit 9 - Volcanoes and Earthquakes Volcanoes and earthquakes - plate tectonics 5 min. video Continental drift happen because of plates tectonics When plates collide with each other they form mountains , this can take a million years Volcanoes occur during colliding plates San Andreas fault , site of frequent earthquakes Earthquakes and Volcanoes video When plates shift and collide they form cracks called faults Pressure building up upon the fault causes an earthquake Seismology is the study of earthquakes A seismograph records and measures ground vibration Volcanoes are located along fault lines Lava can reach a temperature of 2000 degrees. volcano animation – of 3 different types - NOT TO SCALE Cinder cone volcano Shield volcano Composite volcano http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::650::400::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357038/v olcanic_eruptions.swf::Volcanic%20Features Volcanoes from on five geologic locations 1. Island arc 2. Hot spot 3. Mid ocean ridges 4. Volcanic arcs 5. Continental rift valleys For a volcano to form magma must reach earth’s surface Two things happen as plates move, rock and the crust is broken and exposed to the heat of the mantle Rock and some mantle melt and form magma If magma continues to move upward rocks of the crust can melt and form a continuous vent to the surface Magma on the surface is called lava and begins to create a volcano Three kinds of volcano can form, A shield cone, cinder cone and composite cone Volcano video 1 Volcanoes release the gasses that form oceans, atmospheres and land When molt and rock reaches the surface of the earth it forms a volcano More than 80% of the earth’s surface was formed by volcanic activity Volcano video 2 Earths crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. When tectonic plates shift and collide in different directions , they create cracks on earth’s crust called faults. San Andrea Faults Pressure building up along the fault causes and earthquake. Lava reaches temperature of over 2000 degrees Volcano video 3 The crust is located above the mantel In the center of the earths there’s a core of molt heating at 6000 degrees When two plates spread apart magma rises up to the earth When two plates crash together it forms a seductions zone Volcano ppt - Bauer Volcanic activity ppt - Glencoe Volcanoes ppt Holt Volcano ppt Rosenthal Volcanoes - animations with audio - holt http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc01/hq7c_c13s01_vc01f s.htm Magma is liquid rock that is reproduced below the earths surface Rising temperature can cause a rock to melt A decrease in temperature can cause magma to freeze to form a new rock As pressure increases the rock becomes more likely to remain solid Decreasing pressure allows rock to melt into magma Once formed, magma rises to the surface of the earth http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s02/vc01/hq7c_c13s02_vc01f s.htm Volcanoes are fishers on earths surface through which magma and gases are expelled Volcanoes classified as cinder cone, shield and composite Shield volcanoes form slowly over time, lava is very runny, not very steep Cinder cones form from moderately explosive eruptions, steeper slopes with a narrow base Composite volcanoes form when explosive eruptions of pyroclastic materials are followed by quieter eruptions of lava, broad bases inside that get steeper at the peak http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=avi::320::240::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357045/E arthquakes_and_seismic_waves.avi::Earthquakes and Seismic Waves Volcanoes video quiz EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes video 1 Earthquakes happen when tension between the crust is released The worst earthquake happen in Alaska in 1964 , measured 8.5 on the richter scale. Earthquakes can not be predicted Earthquakes video 2 How earthquakes work video Earthquakes ppt glencoe Earthquakes ppt holt Earthquakes animations with audio - holt http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s01/vc01/hq7c_c12s01_vc01f s.htm When two tectonic plates slide pass each other, transform motion occurs, this causes shallow earthquakes. When two tectonics plates push against each other convergent motion occurs , tend to create the most powerful earthquakes When two tectonic plates move away from each other , divergent motion occurs http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_1\0/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s02/vc01/hq7c_c12s02_vc01 fs.htm NOT WORKING! Earthquakes key concepts - audio http:// http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html Richter Scale video lectmy.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/audio/audio.htm?file=/sh2/sh07_10/student/audio/c hapter/hq7c/hq7ceh_c12sum.mp3 NOT WORKING! http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/68349/The-Richter-scale-measures-themagnitude-of-earthquakes-and-the urea Khan academy Measurements on Richter scale are based on wave amplitude Richter scale is logarithmic Provides an estimate in energy Earthquakes video quiz Unit 10 - Rocks and Minerals How to Identify Rocks and Minerals - video People use rocks and minerals to create architectural wonders Rock is made up of combinations of two minerals, and makes up most of the earths lithosphere. New crust is creates all the time as magma , this process also occurs under water Minerals can be grouped into seven major categories 1. Native Elements 2. silicates 3. oxides 4. sulfides 5. halides 6. carbonates 7. sulfate Rocks and Minerals video Minerals are many different colors and sizes One way to check a minerals color is the scrap the mineral against white tile this process is called streaking. The way a mineral reflects light is called luster different minerals have different luster’s. You can divide minerals into groups based on there size , streaks and luster. Minerals have different textures some are harder than others The way as mineral breaks is called cleavage many minerals can be identified by its cleavage. Rocks can be formed in many different ways. Igneous rocks are some of the first rocks on our planet and they were formed by the cooling of magma. Igneous rocks are formed by the mixture of minerals. The difference between rocks is the cooling rate . Sedimentary rock is rock that formed from rock partials that is transported together through water. Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat and pressure forces two different type of rocks together. Rocks and minerals video 2 – not able to watch Three types of rocks - video There are three types of rocks 1. Igneous rock (igneous=fire) Earth was a ball of magma Igneous rock is the oldest rock , but also newest rock that earth has , earth has not stop making this rock 2. Sedimentary rock Weathering types -mechanical -chemical -Biological Rocks weather into ….. -sand -dust -clay -minerals into water Lithification turns sediment into stone Metamorphic rock (metamorphic=changed) A metamorphic rock changes under ground through heat and pressure The rock cycle helps the earth maintain rich and fresh Rock Cycle video 1 Erupting volcanoes, freezing and thawing temperatures, flooding and cooling of melted rock within earth created rocks. Rocks change there shape form and there content over time which is known as the rock cycle. The earth is about 4.6 billion years old A rock can tell you the climate and what plants and animals were there when the rock was formed. Weathering is years of wind, water and ice that breaks rocks into smaller rocks. Erosion is the transportation of small rocks broken of by weathering. These rocks are transported by wind, water and ice. The Grand Canyon was formed many years of erosion. Rock cycle video 2 -repeated Rock Cycle video 3 Sedimentary rock forms over millions of year Granite forms when hot rocks from under earth cool down Rock Cycle animation with audio http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357045/R ock_Cycle_2.swf::Rock%20Cycle Rock Cycle animations classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page03.cfm Rock cycle diagram Rock cycle animation - excellent www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/rock_cycle/index.html Virtual Mineral Testing Lab http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/ES03/ES03.html Globe Resources Ch 3 Unit 11 - California Natural Resources and Natural Hazards Colorado River Aqueduct Deserts and Water resources Building the Los Angeles Aqueduct http://schoolmediainteractive.com/view/object/clip/71AF88F9FB868A2E88CAFD067B D77934 Geothermal energy Down to a Science - California Water Wars 1 of 2.avi Recycled Sewage Water video - hazards Tsunami ocean beach Liquefactions - New Zealand Liquefactions San Francisco 1906 Landslide Tsunami http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/tsunamis/tsunami-101/ Maps CA Minerals Map Ca aqueducts map Ca rivers and aqueducts map CA Earthquake hazard map and geology Ca fire hazard map CA Volcano Hazard map Ca Landslide hazard map Ca Sea Level rise Hazard San Diego maps plus San Diego earthquake map SD rain induced landslides map SD tsunami map SD fire hazard map SD liquifaction map SD flood map Unit 12 - Astronomy Khan Academy Astronomy lessons Bill Nye Great Discoveries - astronomy video Astronomy PowerPoint’s - Glencoe sun-earth-moon system ppt solar system ppt Stars galaxies and the universe Astronomy Animations Milky Way The Milky Way rotates counter clockwise. Stellar Evolution The protostar is surrounded by a rotating disc that rotates clockwise. The material that falls towards the protastar is called infalling material. Super nova process The middle part of the super nova is called the core (neutron star). Infalling materials rebound against the core (neutron star) The super nova forms shockwaves and material explodes outward. Doppler Shift Click on the tab above that says “How To” The tab will tell you Interactive H-R diagram Apparent brightness To begin drag the star across the green dotted line. The bottom line will show you the distance from earth in light years. The apparent brightness will be known according to where you place the star. In the right side there will be a bar graph showing you the relative apparent brightness. Apparent Magnitude To begin drag the star across the green dotted line. The bottom line will show you the distance from earth in light years. The apparent brightness will be known according to where you place the star. In the right side there will be a bar graph showing you the relative apparent brightness. Doppler Shift Stellar Pa-rallax Spectroscopy Cosmic Zoom - how big is space?-lab Click on the picture above, each frame will include a brief description of what the image shows. Stellar life cycle -lab Astronomy scientific method lab Click on the white box with blue letters Another page will pop up select the lesson that you want by clicking on one of the buttons. Read the text and learn about what each lesson is about. Depending on the lesson you pick you will be able to do a fun activity while learning something new. Solar System builder Holt 1. 2. 3. 4. click link below login: user: earth22 password: t7n7 select chapter; then, select Visual Concepts chapter 26 - studying space chapter 27- planets of the solar system chapter 28- minor bodies of the solar system chapter 29- the sun chapter 30- stars, galaxies and the universe http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030931509 VIDEO Solar System video A Closer Look at the Solar System all of the plants orbit around the sun in a different distance the sun rotates in a different direction to the planets there are 8 planets dwarf planet astronauts divide the plants into 2 groups the terrestrial plants are mercury , Venus , earth and mars are closer to the sun The Jovian planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune they are further out form the sun The inner planets are smaller then the rest of the planets The terrestrial plants are all made of rock that is their composition The Jovian planets are made of gases they are often called the gas giants Earth is different it has a lot of oxygen Earth is the only plant to support life A crater is a large hole in the ground shape like a bowl Mercury doesn’t have water and no moon Jupiter atmosphere is thin and cloudy Saturn is made of frozen gases Neptune does have rings but they are hard to see Pluto tiny cold dark The Story of the Solar System Stars are grouped in cluster name galaxies Our solar system is part of the milky way galaxy A light year is the distance light travels in one year 100 billion stars make up the milky way Scientist believe the sun is more than 4.5 billion years old The sun is a star Earths moon is an example of a satellite Earth is the only planet that can support life , because it’s so far away from the sun The sun releases a lot of energy , enough to supply earth with power for 5,000 years Earths magnetosphere gives us some protection against the sun Solar system All the planets in our solar system rotate around the sun Each planet rotates around the sun at a different distance Each planet has a different axis they rotate on Planet = wandered People use telescope to study planets There are 8 planets Planets are divided into two groups , terrestrial and Jovian planets Terrestrial planets are closer to the sun 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars Jovian planets are further out of the sun 1. Jupiter 2. Saturn 3. Uranus 4. Neptune Jovian planets have many moons Terrestrial planets are made of rock Jovian planets are made of gases Terrestrial planets have less dense atmosphere than Jovian planets Because terrestrial planets are closer to the sun they are warmer than Jovian planets Earth is the third planet away from the sun Earth is the largest of the inner planets Venus is the hottest planet of the solar system Mars is known as the red planet Jupiter is the largest planet on the solar system Saturn is surrounded by rings , made out of particles of ice ,rocks , and dust There are three dwarf planets 1. Ceres 2. Pluto 3. Eris A Pluto is a planet that has an orbit that takes longer than 200 years to complete Birth of the Solar System How our solar system formed Space video Distance and Time - Space A light year equals 5.88 trillion miles A nebula is were stars are born A spiral holds 100 billion stars Light year Light travels ten trillion kilometers in one year One light year = 10 trillion kilometers Distances in Space The sun is the largest object in our solar system. The sun can easily hold one million earths. 98% of all the matter in our system is in the sun. Light year is the distance light travels in one year. Light travels in the incredible speed of 186,000 miles per second. This is like traveling from New York to San Francisco 62 times in one second. The closest star to our planet other than the sun is 4.3 light years away. It takes 4.3 years for the light from the star to reach us. In space the distances are beyond imagination. Fusion and electromagnetic radiation video Electromagnetic radiation Microwaves, visible light and radio waves are all fundamentally the same thing. Electromagnetic radiation carried by particles called photons that radiate in waves. All photons travel at the same speed –the speed of light- but they vibrate at different rates depending on the amount if energy they are carrying. The many types of radiation are called the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays like the ones from a nuclear explosion are high energy and they vibrate at very high frequencies. Ten billion trillion times a second. Everyday were bathed in the electromagnetic energy from all parts of the spectrum. Radiation and the Sun The sun is the ultimate source of most of the heat energy on earth. At its surface the suns temperature is about ten thousand degrees Fahrenheit. In space there are not enough molecules to transfer heat by conduction. There also are no gases or liquids in space that can transfer heat to the earth by conviction. Radiation can pass through space as waves of energy that are similar to waves that transmit radio and television signals. When radiation from the sun hits things on earth it excites molecules and makes them vibrate faster. Heat from radiation has different effects on different kinds of surfaces. A dark surface absorbs radiation better than light surfaces. Fusion in the Sun Stars video the life cycle of a star Stars can live for billions of years Small stars burn cool and dim Medium stars , like the sun , burn steadily for 10 billion years White dwarf is a dying star Big stars burn hot and die young Exploring Space Earth is in the milky way There are 3 types of galaxies 1. spiral 2. elliptical 3. irregular nebulae is were the stars are born nuclear fusion keeps a star evolving when a star explodes it’s called a supernova black wholes have a lot of gravity that anything that gets near it is swallowed the temperature of a star can be determined by its color , blue is the hottest one , then white , yellow , orange , and red , which is the less hottest . how the universe works - extreme stars was not able to watch it how the universe works big bang 14 billion years ago the big bang created time and space which form our universe. The big bang is the defining event of our universe and everything in it As we are traveling into space we are seeing into the past There might be more than one big bang The universe is expanding Gravity saved our universe , with too little or too much our universe would not be able to have created itself Everything in the universe is made out of matter E=mc2- energy transforms into matter Matter has positive charge Anti matter has negative charge The universes was created in about a second , it’s about a second old Astronomy and the Milky Way Understanding the Universe Bill Nye Greatest discoveries - astronomy mov. Miscellaneous Biology preview Carbon Cycle - biology http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=CB05EF29-1E21-41DF9321-C8D8B9C0AF8D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Classification of living things http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=B30450C0-AD4D-4FAAA2C5-1375E8E59EB1&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US biome Biomes and adaptation http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=00E9158F-36DB-4E979ED1-29742AAE7478&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US