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World Geography
Fall Units of Study pdf
Fall Units of Study doc
Unit 8 - Plate Tectonics - Earth's
Structure
Globe resources:
Globe Chapter 6 key terms and lesson summaries
Globe Resources Ch 6
Online lessons from oceans:
SJSU Expedition 8 - Plate Boundaries Beneath the Sea
http://oceansjsu.com/105d/exped_boundaries/1.html
SJSU Expedition 7 -Commotion Beneath The Ocean - continental drift and plate
tectonics
http://oceansjsu.com/105d/exped_commotion/1.html
Inner Core - nye
Structure of the Earth video 2
Plate Tectonics video 1 – Discovery, plate tectonics, Mid- Atlantic Ridge, Rift, spreading
boundary, colliding plates, magma
Plate Tectonics video 2 Plate tectonics, face of the planet, Pangaea, pacific ocean
shrinking slowly about ½ an each per year, when plates slide each other as the sand
Andrea fault there are earthquakes in other places they convert
Plate Tectonics video 3 Discovery segment 3 plate tectonics, earth’s layers , the crust is
hard and made up of rocks made up or rocks contain varies variables that’s is also very
thin. The lithosphere, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, transforms
boundaries
Plate Tectonics video 4 Earthquakes, planet is counseling changing
Plate Tectonics 5
 Earths surface consists of about a dozen large sections called plates
 Plate movement plays a key role in earthquakes and volcanoes
 Earth has several layers , the core, mantle and crust
 Earthquakes occur at fault lines
 A scientist who studies earth movement is called a Seismologist
Plate Tectonics 6
 Alfred Verger proposed that earth was once formed together, forming one super
continent called Pangaea
 Over millions of years the continents spread apart
 Movement of continents was explained by the theory of plate tectonics
 Earth is composed of a basic 4 layers , the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core
 The crust and upper mantle make up the Lithosphere
 Under the lithosphere is another layer of the mantle called the Asthenosphere
 There are 4 types of plate boundaries divergent boundaries, convergent
boundaries, transform boundaries and plate boundary zones
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes video
 Best explanation for earthquakes is the theory of plate tectonics
 Earths crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates
 Tectonic plates are responsible for forming oceans, valleys, mountains and
volcanoes over time
 Moving plates create cracks called faults
 Seismology is the study of earthquakes
 Seismographs are used to record and measure ground vibrations
 Moment magnitude measures how much total energy was released during an
earthquake
Plate Boundaries - picture
Plate Tectonics animations with audio - holt
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c10/s01/vc01/hq7c_c10s01_vc01f
s.htm
 continental drift (Pangaea )
 hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up,
and drifted to their present locations
 continental drift is a theory that process that continents can drift apart another
and have done so in the past
 Pangaea broke into 2 pieces
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c10/s02/vc01/hq7c_c10s02_vc01f
s.htm
 Tectonics plates and plate tectonics
 Earths crust is broken up into pieces called tectonic plates
 The map shows the major tectonic plates and the movements
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c11/s02/vc01/hq7c_c11s02_vc01f
s.htm
 Types of mountains
 When tectonic under go compression or tension they could form mountains
 Folded mountains form when rock layers get squeeze together and pushed upward
 Fault – block mountains form where the faulting breaks the earths crust in large
blocks and it causes some blocks to drop
 Volcanic mountains are a vent or fissure in the earths surface through which
magma and gases are expelled
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s01/vc01/hq7c_c12s01_vc01f
s.htm
 Plate Motion and Earthquake Characteristics
 How Transform motion occurs
 How convergent motion occurs
 How divergent motion occurs
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc05/hq7c_c13s01_vc05f
s.htm
 The ring of fire
 Volcanoes
 Plate boundaries are where tectonic plates collide and separate past each other
 Magma to travel upward through the crust
 The ring of fire contains nearly 75 % of the worlds active land volcanoes
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc06/hq7c_c13s01_vc06f
s.htm
 A convergent boundary is formed where two tectonic plates collide
 Increased heat and pressure cause the water in the oceanic crust to be released
 The water mixes with the mantle rock and lowers the rocks melting point, creating
magma
 The magma rises toward the surface of the Earth’s crust and forms a volcano
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc07/hq7c_c13s01_vc07f
s.htm
 When two tectonic plates move towards one another, the boundary where they
meet is called convergent boundary
 When plates slide against each other a seductions zone is formed
 Volcanic mountains form over the type of convergent boundaries that include
seductions zones
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc08/hq7c_c13s01_vc08f
s.htm
 Mantle plumes are columns of rising magma that begin deep in the earth
 A hot spot is a volcanically active area of Earth’s surface that is thought to lie
directly above a rising mantle plumes
 Hot spots often form long chains of volcanoes because the mantle plume below a
hot spot stays in the same location, while a tectonic plate moves over it
Continental Drift video - Nye
 Alfred Wegner came up with the theory that at one point all the continents in the
world had once formed a single land mass called Pangaea
 Pangaea- All earth
 Millions of years later Pangaea split apart and continents drifted away, he called it
the continental drift
Seafloor spreading video- Nye
 Before the second world war most scientists imagined that the bottom of the
ocean was flat
 Harry Hess discovered that the sea floor was spreading
 Hess concluded that molten rock was being forced up from inside the earth at the
ridge
 Seductions recycles the crust back inside the earth
http://www.sandi.net/cms/lib/CA01001235/Centricity/Domain/7724/Magnetic_Field_Re
versal.mov
 Earths magnetic field acts like a shield protecting our planet from the suns
dangerous radiation
 Bernard Burns made a discovery that at some time in the past the earths magnetic
field had changed directions and reversed itself
 Scientist detect that mars once had a magnetic field
 At some point the heat source of the mars core was extinguished causing the
planet to die
Plate Tectonics - nye
 In the 1960’s both Hess and Wagner’s idea’s were synthesized into a single
theory, “ The science of plate tectonics”
 Scientists have concluded that not only is the earths crust moving but the surface
of the planet is broken into large interconnected plates
USGS Illustrated book on plate tectonics
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Plate Tectonics ppt holt
Plate Tectonics Glencoe ppt ch 17
Plate tectonics video quiz
Globe Ch 1 resources - worksheets, practice tests, answers
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/index.html
Unit 9 - Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanoes and earthquakes - plate tectonics 5 min. video
 Continental drift happen because of plates tectonics
 When plates collide with each other they form mountains , this can take a
million years
 Volcanoes occur during colliding plates
 San Andreas fault , site of frequent earthquakes
Earthquakes and Volcanoes video
 When plates shift and collide they form cracks called faults
 Pressure building up upon the fault causes an earthquake
 Seismology is the study of earthquakes
 A seismograph records and measures ground vibration
 Volcanoes are located along fault lines
 Lava can reach a temperature of 2000 degrees.
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volcano animation – of 3 different types - NOT TO SCALE
 Cinder cone volcano
 Shield volcano
 Composite volcano
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::650::400::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357038/v
olcanic_eruptions.swf::Volcanic%20Features
 Volcanoes from on five geologic locations
1. Island arc
2. Hot spot
3. Mid ocean ridges
4. Volcanic arcs
5. Continental rift valleys
 For a volcano to form magma must reach earth’s surface
 Two things happen as plates move, rock and the crust is broken and exposed to the
heat of the mantle
 Rock and some mantle melt and form magma
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If magma continues to move upward rocks of the crust can melt and form a
continuous vent to the surface
Magma on the surface is called lava and begins to create a volcano
Three kinds of volcano can form, A shield cone, cinder cone and composite cone
Volcano video 1
 Volcanoes release the gasses that form oceans, atmospheres and land
 When molt and rock reaches the surface of the earth it forms a volcano
 More than 80% of the earth’s surface was formed by volcanic activity
Volcano video 2
 Earths crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates.
 When tectonic plates shift and collide in different directions , they create
cracks on earth’s crust called faults.
 San Andrea Faults
 Pressure building up along the fault causes and earthquake.
 Lava reaches temperature of over 2000 degrees
Volcano video 3
 The crust is located above the mantel
 In the center of the earths there’s a core of molt heating at 6000 degrees
 When two plates spread apart magma rises up to the earth
 When two plates crash together it forms a seductions zone
Volcano ppt - Bauer
Volcanic activity ppt - Glencoe
Volcanoes ppt Holt
Volcano ppt Rosenthal
Volcanoes - animations with audio - holt
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s01/vc01/hq7c_c13s01_vc01f
s.htm
 Magma is liquid rock that is reproduced below the earths surface
 Rising temperature can cause a rock to melt
 A decrease in temperature can cause magma to freeze to form a new rock
 As pressure increases the rock becomes more likely to remain solid
 Decreasing pressure allows rock to melt into magma
 Once formed, magma rises to the surface of the earth
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c13/s02/vc01/hq7c_c13s02_vc01f
s.htm
 Volcanoes are fishers on earths surface through which magma and gases are
expelled
 Volcanoes classified as cinder cone, shield and composite
 Shield volcanoes form slowly over time, lava is very runny, not very steep
 Cinder cones form from moderately explosive eruptions, steeper slopes with a
narrow base
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Composite volcanoes form when explosive eruptions of pyroclastic materials are
followed by quieter eruptions of lava, broad bases inside that get steeper at the
peak
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=avi::320::240::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357045/E
arthquakes_and_seismic_waves.avi::Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
Volcanoes video quiz
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes video 1
 Earthquakes happen when tension between the crust is released
 The worst earthquake happen in Alaska in 1964 , measured 8.5 on the richter
scale.
 Earthquakes can not be predicted
Earthquakes video 2
How earthquakes work video
Earthquakes ppt glencoe
Earthquakes ppt holt
Earthquakes animations with audio - holt
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s01/vc01/hq7c_c12s01_vc01f
s.htm
 When two tectonic plates slide pass each other, transform motion occurs, this
causes shallow earthquakes.
 When two tectonics plates push against each other convergent motion occurs ,
tend to create the most powerful earthquakes
 When two tectonic plates move away from each other , divergent motion occurs
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_1\0/student/tabpages/hq7c/c12/s02/vc01/hq7c_c12s02_vc01
fs.htm
NOT WORKING!
Earthquakes key concepts - audio
http:// http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html
Richter Scale video
lectmy.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/audio/audio.htm?file=/sh2/sh07_10/student/audio/c
hapter/hq7c/hq7ceh_c12sum.mp3
NOT WORKING!
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/68349/The-Richter-scale-measures-themagnitude-of-earthquakes-and-the
urea Khan academy
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Measurements on Richter scale are based on wave amplitude
Richter scale is logarithmic
Provides an estimate in energy
Earthquakes video quiz
Unit 10 - Rocks and Minerals
How to Identify Rocks and Minerals - video
 People use rocks and minerals to create architectural wonders
 Rock is made up of combinations of two minerals, and makes up most of the
earths lithosphere.
 New crust is creates all the time as magma , this process also occurs under water
 Minerals can be grouped into seven major categories
1. Native Elements
2. silicates
3. oxides
4. sulfides
5. halides
6. carbonates
7. sulfate
Rocks and Minerals video
 Minerals are many different colors and sizes
 One way to check a minerals color is the scrap the mineral against white tile this
process is called streaking.
 The way a mineral reflects light is called luster different minerals have different
luster’s.
 You can divide minerals into groups based on there size , streaks and luster.
 Minerals have different textures some are harder than others
 The way as mineral breaks is called cleavage many minerals can be identified by
its cleavage.
 Rocks can be formed in many different ways.
 Igneous rocks are some of the first rocks on our planet and they were formed by
the cooling of magma.
 Igneous rocks are formed by the mixture of minerals.
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The difference between rocks is the cooling rate .
Sedimentary rock is rock that formed from rock partials that is transported
together through water.
 Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat and pressure forces two different type
of rocks together.
Rocks and minerals video 2 – not able to watch
Three types of rocks - video
 There are three types of rocks
1. Igneous rock (igneous=fire)
 Earth was a ball of magma
 Igneous rock is the oldest rock , but also newest rock that earth has , earth has not
stop making this rock
2. Sedimentary rock
 Weathering types
-mechanical
-chemical
-Biological
 Rocks weather into …..
-sand
-dust
-clay
-minerals into water
 Lithification turns sediment into stone
 Metamorphic rock (metamorphic=changed)
 A metamorphic rock changes under ground through heat and pressure
 The rock cycle helps the earth maintain rich and fresh
Rock Cycle video 1
 Erupting volcanoes, freezing and thawing temperatures, flooding and cooling of
melted rock within earth created rocks.
 Rocks change there shape form and there content over time which is known as the
rock cycle.
 The earth is about 4.6 billion years old
 A rock can tell you the climate and what plants and animals were there when the
rock was formed.
 Weathering is years of wind, water and ice that breaks rocks into smaller rocks.
 Erosion is the transportation of small rocks broken of by weathering. These rocks
are transported by wind, water and ice.
 The Grand Canyon was formed many years of erosion.
Rock cycle video 2
-repeated
Rock Cycle video 3
 Sedimentary rock forms over millions of year
 Granite forms when hot rocks from under earth cool down
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Rock Cycle animation with audio
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0078741831/357045/R
ock_Cycle_2.swf::Rock%20Cycle
Rock Cycle animations
classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page03.cfm
Rock cycle diagram
Rock cycle animation - excellent
www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/rock_cycle/index.html
Virtual Mineral Testing Lab
http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/ES03/ES03.html
Globe Resources Ch 3
Unit 11 - California Natural Resources
and Natural Hazards
Colorado River Aqueduct
Deserts and Water resources
Building the Los Angeles Aqueduct
http://schoolmediainteractive.com/view/object/clip/71AF88F9FB868A2E88CAFD067B
D77934
Geothermal energy
Down to a Science - California Water Wars 1 of 2.avi
Recycled Sewage Water
video - hazards
Tsunami ocean beach
Liquefactions - New Zealand
Liquefactions San Francisco 1906
Landslide
Tsunami
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/tsunamis/tsunami-101/
Maps
CA Minerals Map
Ca aqueducts map
Ca rivers and aqueducts map
CA Earthquake hazard map and geology
Ca fire hazard map
CA Volcano Hazard map
Ca Landslide hazard map
Ca Sea Level rise Hazard
San Diego maps plus
San Diego earthquake map
SD rain induced landslides map
SD tsunami map
SD fire hazard map
SD liquifaction map
SD flood map
Unit 12 - Astronomy
Khan Academy Astronomy lessons
Bill Nye Great Discoveries - astronomy video
Astronomy PowerPoint’s - Glencoe
sun-earth-moon system ppt
solar system ppt
Stars
galaxies and the universe
Astronomy Animations Milky Way
 The Milky Way rotates counter clockwise.
Stellar Evolution
 The protostar is surrounded by a rotating disc that rotates clockwise.
 The material that falls towards the protastar is called infalling material.
Super nova process
 The middle part of the super nova is called the core (neutron star).
 Infalling materials rebound against the core (neutron star)
 The super nova forms shockwaves and material explodes outward.
Doppler Shift
 Click on the tab above that says “How To”
 The tab will tell you
Interactive
H-R diagram
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Apparent brightness
 To begin drag the star across the green dotted line.
 The bottom line will show you the distance from earth in light years.
 The apparent brightness will be known according to where you place the star.
 In the right side there will be a bar graph showing you the relative apparent
brightness.
Apparent Magnitude
 To begin drag the star across the green dotted line.
 The bottom line will show you the distance from earth in light years.
 The apparent brightness will be known according to where you place the star.
 In the right side there will be a bar graph showing you the relative apparent
brightness.
Doppler Shift
Stellar Pa-rallax
Spectroscopy
Cosmic Zoom - how big is space?-lab
 Click on the picture above, each frame will include a brief description of what the
image shows.
Stellar life cycle -lab
Astronomy scientific method lab
 Click on the white box with blue letters
 Another page will pop up select the lesson that you want by clicking on one of the
buttons.
 Read the text and learn about what each lesson is about.
 Depending on the lesson you pick you will be able to do a fun activity while
learning something new.
Solar System builder
Holt
1.
2.
3.
4.
click link below
login: user: earth22 password: t7n7
select chapter;
then, select Visual Concepts
chapter 26 - studying space
chapter 27- planets of the solar system
chapter 28- minor bodies of the solar system
chapter 29- the sun
chapter 30- stars, galaxies and the universe
http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030931509
VIDEO
Solar System video
A Closer Look at the Solar System
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all of the plants orbit around the sun in a different distance
the sun rotates in a different direction to the planets
there are 8 planets
dwarf planet
astronauts divide the plants into 2 groups
the terrestrial plants are mercury , Venus , earth and mars are closer to the sun
The Jovian planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune they are further out
form the sun
The inner planets are smaller then the rest of the planets
The terrestrial plants are all made of rock that is their composition
The Jovian planets are made of gases they are often called the gas giants
Earth is different it has a lot of oxygen
Earth is the only plant to support life
A crater is a large hole in the ground shape like a bowl
Mercury doesn’t have water and no moon
Jupiter atmosphere is thin and cloudy
Saturn is made of frozen gases
Neptune does have rings but they are hard to see
Pluto tiny cold dark
The Story of the Solar System
 Stars are grouped in cluster name galaxies
 Our solar system is part of the milky way galaxy
 A light year is the distance light travels in one year
 100 billion stars make up the milky way
 Scientist believe the sun is more than 4.5 billion years old
 The sun is a star
 Earths moon is an example of a satellite
 Earth is the only planet that can support life , because it’s so far away from the
sun
 The sun releases a lot of energy , enough to supply earth with power for 5,000
years
 Earths magnetosphere gives us some protection against the sun
Solar system
 All the planets in our solar system rotate around the sun
 Each planet rotates around the sun at a different distance
 Each planet has a different axis they rotate on
 Planet = wandered
 People use telescope to study planets
 There are 8 planets
 Planets are divided into two groups , terrestrial and Jovian planets
 Terrestrial planets are closer to the sun
1. Mercury
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2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
Jovian planets are further out of the sun
1. Jupiter
2. Saturn
3. Uranus
4. Neptune
Jovian planets have many moons
Terrestrial planets are made of rock
Jovian planets are made of gases
Terrestrial planets have less dense atmosphere than Jovian planets
Because terrestrial planets are closer to the sun they are warmer than Jovian
planets
Earth is the third planet away from the sun
Earth is the largest of the inner planets
Venus is the hottest planet of the solar system
Mars is known as the red planet
Jupiter is the largest planet on the solar system
Saturn is surrounded by rings , made out of particles of ice ,rocks , and dust
There are three dwarf planets
1. Ceres
2. Pluto
3. Eris
A Pluto is a planet that has an orbit that takes longer than 200 years to complete
Birth of the Solar System
How our solar system formed
Space video
Distance and Time - Space
 A light year equals 5.88 trillion miles
 A nebula is were stars are born
 A spiral holds 100 billion stars
Light year
 Light travels ten trillion kilometers in one year
 One light year = 10 trillion kilometers
Distances in Space
 The sun is the largest object in our solar system.
 The sun can easily hold one million earths.
 98% of all the matter in our system is in the sun.
 Light year is the distance light travels in one year.
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Light travels in the incredible speed of 186,000 miles per second. This is like
traveling from New York to San Francisco 62 times in one second.
The closest star to our planet other than the sun is 4.3 light years away. It takes
4.3 years for the light from the star to reach us.
In space the distances are beyond imagination.
Fusion and electromagnetic radiation video
Electromagnetic radiation
 Microwaves, visible light and radio waves are all fundamentally the same thing.
 Electromagnetic radiation carried by particles called photons that radiate in
waves.
 All photons travel at the same speed –the speed of light- but they vibrate at
different rates depending on the amount if energy they are carrying.
 The many types of radiation are called the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Gamma rays like the ones from a nuclear explosion are high energy and they
vibrate at very high frequencies. Ten billion trillion times a second.
 Everyday were bathed in the electromagnetic energy from all parts of the
spectrum.
Radiation and the Sun
 The sun is the ultimate source of most of the heat energy on earth.
 At its surface the suns temperature is about ten thousand degrees Fahrenheit.
 In space there are not enough molecules to transfer heat by conduction.
 There also are no gases or liquids in space that can transfer heat to the earth by
conviction.
 Radiation can pass through space as waves of energy that are similar to waves that
transmit radio and television signals.
 When radiation from the sun hits things on earth it excites molecules and makes
them vibrate faster.
 Heat from radiation has different effects on different kinds of surfaces.
 A dark surface absorbs radiation better than light surfaces.
Fusion in the Sun
Stars video
the life cycle of a star
 Stars can live for billions of years
 Small stars burn cool and dim
 Medium stars , like the sun , burn steadily for 10 billion years
 White dwarf is a dying star
 Big stars burn hot and die young
Exploring Space
 Earth is in the milky way
 There are 3 types of galaxies
1. spiral
2. elliptical
3. irregular
 nebulae is were the stars are born
 nuclear fusion keeps a star evolving
 when a star explodes it’s called a supernova
 black wholes have a lot of gravity that anything that gets near it is swallowed
 the temperature of a star can be determined by its color ,
blue is the hottest one , then white , yellow , orange , and red , which is the less
hottest .
how the universe works - extreme stars
 was not able to watch it
how the universe works big bang
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14 billion years ago the big bang created time and space which form our universe.
The big bang is the defining event of our universe and everything in it
As we are traveling into space we are seeing into the past
There might be more than one big bang
The universe is expanding
Gravity saved our universe , with too little or too much our universe would not be
able to have created itself
Everything in the universe is made out of matter
E=mc2- energy transforms into matter
Matter has positive charge
Anti matter has negative charge
The universes was created in about a second , it’s about a second old
Astronomy and the Milky Way
Understanding the Universe
Bill Nye Greatest discoveries - astronomy mov.
Miscellaneous
Biology preview
Carbon Cycle - biology
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=CB05EF29-1E21-41DF9321-C8D8B9C0AF8D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Classification of living things
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biome
Biomes and adaptation
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