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MEMORY
CHAPTER 7
PROCESSING MEMORY
Man with no memory
Perfect recall
Memory – is the process by which we recollect prior information,
experiences, or skills learned in the past.
Short Term Memory is the working memory
It only lasts for a few seconds (a minute at most)
With rehearsal the information can enter the Long Term Memory
which is PERMENANT
3 PROCESSES TO MEMORY
•To remember information we must
process it:
•Stage 1: Encoding – translation of information
into a form that can be stored
•Stage 2: Storage – the maintenance of
encoded information over time
STORAGE
• To help store the information there is:
• Maintenance rehearsal – which is repeating information over and over
• Elaborative rehearsal – where you make the information meaningful by
relating to information you already know.
• Organizational Systems – Where you organize the information in your mind
for future use.
PROCESSES TO REMEMBERING
Stage 3 to remembering: Retrieval – locating stored
information and returning it to conscious thought.
Stage 4 to remembering: Recall – remembering the
information full and applying it.
EPISODIC MEMORY
•Remembering a specific event
•It took place in their presence or
experienced the event
•AKA an “episode” of their lives
FLASHBULB MEMORY
•Events remembered in
“photographic” detail
SEMANTIC MEMORY
•Memories that are general knowledge
•Ex: There are 4 stages to memory!
•Anyone remember which ones those were?
IMPLICIT MEMORY
•Implied memories
•Not clearly stated
•Uses skills or procedures
EXPLICIT MEMORY
•A memory of something clearly
stated of explained.
•Semantic and Episodic Memories are
BOTH explicit memories
STATES OF MEMORY
•Context-Dependent Memory: remembering in the location
of the original memory
•State-Dependent Memory: remembering something when
in a similar emotional state.
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON
•“Feeling of Knowing” Experience
•This is where you know something, but you cannot put
it to words.
3 STAGES OF MEMORY
• Sensory – memories recorded through our senses
• Iconic – memories that are brief “photo-like” snapshots of an
event
• About 5% of children have Eidetic memory or a longer range
of photographic memory
• Echoic – memories mental traces of sound
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• A brief window of remembering (on a few
seconds to a minute at most)
• Used constantly
• Primacy effect – remembering something because it came first
• Recency effect – remember something because it came last
• Such as the first items on a list (both effects)
LONG-TERM MEMORY
•Memories from the short-term memory are encoded and
stored successfully into the long-term memory
•They are permanent memories
•Organizing bits of information into knowledge are
called SCHEMAS