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Learning and Memory Learning is defined as the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. Memory is the process of retrieving knowledge and bits of information related to skills that are stored in the brain. Learning and memory are essential in every moment of life in countless ways. There are several types of memory, including remembering facts, remembering visual images – such as faces, remembering events and experiences from long ago, remembering how to do things like ride a bike, and remembering smells, tastes, or feelings from the past. Each type of memory appears to be processed in the brain in a different way. By studying people with damage to different parts of the brain, scientists have learned more about how the brain organizes and stores information, but much remains a mystery. Memories seem to be synthesized from many pieces of information that are stored in several parts of the brain. It also appears this system is redundant in that individual memories are not stored in one particular neuron (nerve cell) in the brain. Memories seem to be a product of interaction between numerous neurons and multiple pathways within the brain. Brain research suggests several ways to reinforce declarative memory. For example, the more senses that are involved in processing the information, the more likely the information will be remembered. This seems to be because memories that are processed in several places in the brain have a better chance of being accessed later. Research also shows that repetition of action or thought or speech causes physical changes in the brain that make these memories stronger. In addition, if new information can be associated in some way with existing knowledge, the brai has a better chance of remembering that information. Also, if a strong emotional content is associated with the knowledge or the way in which it was imparted, the memory is more likely to be retained. These findings have implications for teaching and learning. Several, strategies can be used to increase the effectiveness of memory, such as mnemonic devices. For example, to memorize a list of things, picture walking through a house or town, putting these objects in particular locations. When asked to recall the objects, take the same walk and “see” the objects. Another mnemonic device is to make up a phrase that has the same letters as the objects or concepts to be remembered. An example is the planets in order from Sun. My very eager mother just served us nachos = Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune