Download 6th - Chapter 10 - vocab and notes

UNIT 4 – Regional Civilizations (2000 BC – AD 1897)
Chapter 10 – Byzantine and Muslim Civilizations (AD 330 – AD 1683)
Vocabulary Words:
1. Constantinople
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Justinian
medieval
Middle Ages
schism
Muhammad
nomads
8. caravan
9. Mecca
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10.Muslim
11.mosque
12.Quran
13.Omar Kayyam
14.caliph
15.Sufis
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16.sultan
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capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of
the Byzantine Empire
one of the greatest Byzantine emperors
existing during the Middle Ages
the period between AD 476 and about 1500
a split, particularly in a church or religion
the prophet and founder of Islam
people with no permanent home, who move from
place to place in search of food, water, or pasture
a group of traders traveling together for safety
an Arabian trading center and Muhammad’s
birthplace
a follower of Islam
a Muslim house of worship
the holy book of Islam
a Muslim poet, mathematician and astronomer
a Muslim ruler
a Muslim group that believed they could draw
closer to God through prayers, fasting and a simple
life
a Muslim ruler, particularly the ruler of the
Ottoman Empire
Chapter 10 – Byzantine and Muslim Civilizations (AD 330 – AD 1683)
Section 1 – The Byzantine Empire
Obj: How Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire became powerful; the
achievements of the Age of Justinian; the later years of the Byzantine Empire
Prince Igor of Kiev, which was then an important city in Russia, watched as a large force of
his warships sailed across the Black Sea in AD 941.
The prince was sure that Constantinople, would soon be his.
As his fleet drew close to the city, the prince’s excitement turned into horror.
Byzantine ships shot “Greek fire” at the invaders.
Anything this “fire” touched burst into flames. Soon Igor’s fleet was ablaze. Water could
not put out the fire.
Greek fire was made from a formula so secret that it was never written down.
Even today, no one knows exactly how it was made, except that it contained petroleum.
This weapon gave the Byzantines tremendous power throughout the Mediterranean area.
Constantinople at a Crossroads
At its height, the Roman Empire controlled the lands surrounding the
Mediterranean Sea.
 Also northern Europe
 A region known today as the Middle East
In the centuries after Rome’s power faded these lands went through a tug of war
 Two groups
o The Christian Byzantines
o The Muslim Arabs and Turks
 The two groups sometimes shared control and sometimes fought over the
region
Constantine and his Capital
 AD 306 – Constantine began his rule of the enormous Roman Empire
 Brought two important changes
o Constantine became a Christian and stopped persecution of Christians
o Constantine decided to build a new imperial city and move the
empire’s rule from Rome after 20 years
 He chose Byzantium, an ancient city founded by the Greeks
 Renamed Byzantium Constantinople
 Emperors who followed Constantine continued to rule from Constantinople,
the empire’s eastern part
o Roman empire’s eastern part proved to be stronger
 Strong military
 Strong trade
Trade
 Constantinople at a major crossroads of land and sea trade routes
 Bosporus (a strait- narrow channel that links two bodies of water)
o Connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara (which flows into the
Mediterranean)
o Two continents, Europe and Asia, meet at the Bosporus
 Goods came to Constantinople from :
o Kiev in the north
o Egypt in the south
o As far as China in the east
 The Byzantines charges taxes on all goods that went through the city
 Over time, the empire grew rich
The Byzantines Stand Alone
AD 476 to about 1500 is known as the Middle Ages, it marks the fall of the
western Roman Empire, and this time is also labeled medieval times.
The eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) stood alone.
The Byzantines preserved many Roman achievements and traditions.
The Age of Justinian
As Rome was falling to invaders in the west, strong fortifications and an excellent
army protected Constantinople in the east.
The early Byzantine Empire had excellent rulers who were wise and popular
 They encourage education
 They made reforms to laws and government
 This leadership contributed to the strength of the empire
The Emperor Justinian
One of the greatest Byzantine emperors
 Born into a poor family
 Was energetic, did not give up on a task until it was finished
 Listened to the ideas of his subjects (from wealthy nobles to poor peasants)
Justinian’s Code
 One of his most lasting contributions was a system of laws
o he appointed a team to collect and summarize centuries of old
contradictory Roman laws (resulted in Justinian’s Code)
o organized collection and explanation of Roman laws for use by the
Byzantine Empire
o this code became the basis for the legal systems of most modern
European countries.
Byzantine Culture
 preserved the principles of Roman law
 copied the works of the ancient Greeks
 at its peak, blended Greeks, Roman and Christian influences
 later, when it was in decline, scholars took the ancient manuscripts and their
knowledge of the rich Byzantine culture to the newly powerful city-states of
Italy
The Empire’s Later Years
AD 565 – Justinian died
 Byzantine Empire began its decline
 Later emperors had to fifth wars against many neighboring enemies
o Persians and Turks to the east
o Arabs to the south
o Germanic people to the north and west
 The empire was shrinking in both size and power
 The Byzantines struggled to keep nearby enemies from invading
Constantinople.
 Religious and political arguments were weakening the empire from within
A Religious Dispute
 Although most Byzantines were Christian, they did not practice Christianity
the same way as the people in Western Europe did.
o Byzantine Christians rejected the authority of the pope (leader of the
church in Rome)
o The choice of patriarch (highest church official in Constantinople)
was chosen by its emperor
o Greek was the language of the Byzantine church
o Latin was the language of the Roman church
 The two branches of Christianity began to grow apart
 Many Christians prayed to saints or holy people represented by icons, or
paintings, of these people.
o 700s – a Byzantine emperor outlawed the use of icons
 Said they violated God’s commandments
o The Pope disagreed, and banished the emperor from the church
 Byzantines felt the pope did not have the authority to banish the
emperor
 These disputes led to a schism in the Christian church in AD
1054
o There were now two distinct forms of Christianity
 Roman Catholic Church in the west
 Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church in the east
A Second Golden Age
 900 to mid-1000s – Byzantine Empire experienced a final period of
greatness.
o Trade increased and merchants came as far as Venice and Russia.
o Population of Constantinople grew in size and diversity
o As economy grew, so did government.
 Basil II – 976 – 1025
 Most exceptional rule since Justinian
 Regained some land lost
 Burst of creativity in the arts
The Fall of Constantinople
 During the 1000s – Muslim peoples to the east were also gaining power
 By the late 1100s – Turks had taken the inland areas of Asia Minor away fro
he weakening Byzantine Empire.
 Byzantines also threatened by Europeans
o 1171 – disagreements over trade led to a war with Venice
o Early 1200s – Constantinople attacked by Christian crusaders
(western Christians ruled for 50 years following)
o 1261 – Byzantines regained their capital, but little was left of their
empire
o 1453 – 70,000 Turks surrounded Constantinople
 Came by land and by sea
 Brought canons to the city walls
 Outnumbered, but held out for two months, finally fell
 Before that, the Byzantine capital had been a defensive
fortress for more than 1,000 years.
 Like Constantine before them, the new rulers would rebuilt the city and
make it an imperial capital.
o It was renamed Istanbul and became a great center of Muslim culture
and the capital of the Ottoman Empire
 Geographic location – crossroads for trade
Chapter 10 – Byzantine and Muslim Civilizations (AD 330 – AD 1683)
Section 2 – The Beginnings of Islam
Obj: The Arabian Peninsula; the life and mission of the Muslim prophet
Muhammad; Muslim beliefs
The Arabian Peninsula
Much of the Arabian Peninsula is covered by desert.
Although surrounded by water, the peninsula has no major rivers and receives little
rainfall.
Trade with neighboring peoples supported its growth.
Bedouins made their homes among the shifting sand dunes of the desert.
Nomadic Bedouins
 Bedouins were nomads
 Food was scarce for the people and animals
 Water was also scarce
 Bedouins traveled traditional routes from oasis to oasis, which provided
water
 Bedouins knowledge of the desert helped them work as guides for traders
and their caravans
o These caravans depended on camels
o Camels are able to store water for long periods
Mecca: A Center of Trade
The Mecca was an oasis that became one of the most important and busy trading
centers.
From Mecca trade was done with:
 Syria
 Europe
 Iraq
 Yemen
Some goods traded were:
 Perfume
 Spices
 Incense
 Expensive cloth
 Elephant tusks
 Gold
The Prophet Muhammad
 He was born and grew up in Mecca
 He was born about AD 570 in a poor family
 He worked on caravans
 His work took him to distant places
Muhammad’s Mission
 He saw many problems in society
 He liked to be alone to pray and think
 When he was 40 years old, He heard God speak to him through an angel in a
cave
 He believed in one true God, the God of Abraham
 People who followed and accepted the teachings of Muhammad became
known as Muslims.
 The religion of Muslims is Called Islam.
 Kaaba is the ancient shrine in Mecca
o It is where many Arabs traveled to pray to God
 People were threatened by Mohammad’s teachings:
o They feared that abandoning their old gods would end Mecca’s
importance as a religious center
o They feared that Muhammad would gain political power
o Few people in Mecca accepted his message
Muhammad in Medina
 622 – Muhammad and his followers were invited to a city north of Mecca
called Yathrib.
o People there regarded him as a prophet
o This movement of early Muslims is known as the hijra, or “migration”
o The year 622 on our calendar became year 1 on the Muslim calendar.
o After the migration (“hijra”), Yathrib’s name was changed to Medina
(meaning city of the prophet)
o Medina became an important Islamic center.
 630 – Muhammad returned to Mecca, this time, he was recognized as a
prophet.
 632 – Muhammad died, but the new religion of Islam had spread all across
the Arabian Peninsula.
Muslim Belief
A muezzin (myoo ez in) is a man who called Muslims to worshop, looks out
over the city, and begins his loud call. His voice echoes in all directions.
 “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.”
 Allah is the word for God in Arabic
 Muslims are called to worship five times a day
o Every faithful Muslim sill stop whatever he or she is doing to pray
 Some Muslims gather in a mosque
 Others kneel outside
 Wherever Muslims are in the world, they kneel in the direction that faces
toward the city of Mecca.
 The response to the call is “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the
messenger of God.”
The Five Pillars of Islam
These are the basic Muslim beliefs, and the foundations of Islam
Muslims regard these pillars as sacred duties
The fifth pillar (the hajj) or pilgrimage to the Kaaba, is required only of those
who are able to travel to Mecca.
Pillar
Declaration of Faith
The Five Pillars of Islam
Description
Muslims must regularly declare the belief that
there is only one God and Muhammad is God’s
messenger
Prayer
Muslims must pray five times each day, facing in the
direction of the holy city of Mecca
Almsgiving
Muslims must give alms, or money that goes to the needy
Fasting
Muslims must fast during daylight hours in the month of
*Ramadan (different every year, depending on the moon)
Pilgrimage
Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least one
time in their lives if they are able.
Ramadan –
the ninth month on the Islamic calendar, is also one of the holiest months for
Muslims. During Ramadan, Muslims recall the revealing of the Quran to
Muhammad, and atone for their sins through fasting and prayer. All able
adults and older children fast from sunrise to sunset, and spend extra hours
praying. In the mornings, before the sun rises, Muslims eat a meal called a
suhoor. In the evenings, Muslims break their fast with an iftar, or festive
meal. This meal includes many courses of different kinds of food, and is
usually shared with friends of family. Ramadan officially ends when the new
moon is sighted. The end of Ramadan, is marked with a festival called Id alFitr. Muslims observe this three-day festival with feasting and celebration.
A sixth religious duty associated with the five pillars is Jihad or Holy War.
This duty requires that if the situation warrants, men are required to go to
war to defend or spread Islam. If they are killed, they are guaranteed eternal
life in Paradise.
The Quran
This is the holy book of Islam
 It contains the messages God revealed to Muhammad, including the rules of
Islam
 Many Muslims have memorized it
 They believe it is best served in its original language, therefore anyone
converting to Islam usually learn Arabic
o The sharing of this language helped in uniting Muslims in many
regions
 Like the Torah, and Bible, the Quran contains many kinds of writings
including stories, promises, warnings, and instructions.
 It’s similarity to Jewish and Christian holy books is:
o The belief in one God
o Believe in
 Adam
 Noah
 Abraham
 Moses
 Jesus
o Believe Muhammad to be the last of these prophets
 Muhammad felt respect for Jews and Christians and called them, “people of
the Book”
The Role of Women
Before Islam, women and children were not valued
The Quran taught:
 That men and women were spiritually equal
 Gave women more rights under the law
o Inheriting property
o Get an education
o Could not be forced to marry against their will
o Had the right to divorce
A Split Among Muslims
Byzantine Empire, a schism in the Christian church, but also among the
followers of Islam.
 656 – Uthman (ooth mahn), leader of the Muslim community, was
assassinated
 His death split the Muslim world in two
 Muslims disagreed who should lead (several decades)
o Two main groups gradually emerged on opposite sides of this
disagreement
 The Shiites (Shee yts) the smaller group
 Believed the leader should be a direct descendant of
Muhammad, and should explain the messages from God
in the Quran
 The Sunnis (soo neez) the larger group
 Believed that no one man, not even the leader of Islam,
should tell Muslims what God’s message meant (Muslim
scholars could)
 Today, about 85% of all Muslims are Sunnis
Chapter 10 – The Byzantine and Muslim Civilizations (AD 330 – AD 1683)
Section 3 – Muslim Civilizations
Obj: How the religion of Islam spread; the golden age of Islam under the rule
of the caliphs; the Ottoman Empire
The Spread of Islam
Within 150 years of Muhammad’s death in 632, Islam spread west to North
Africa, and into present-day Spain.
It also spread north into Persia (present-day Iran) and east to the borders of
northern India and China.
Many New Converts
 Many Arab merchants who traveled to many places were Muslims
o They helped spread their new religious beliefs
 Arab armies also conquered neighboring regions
o This was another way Islam spread
 717 – Arabs attacked Constantinople
o Unable to take the great fortress
o Still most Christians living along the eastern and southern
Mediterranean eventually converted to Islam
 700s – Muslims had also crossed from North Africa to Spain
 732 – Arab forces were defeated by European soldiers at the Battle of Tours
(in present-day France)
o This battle stopped the spread of Islam into Christian Europe
Reasons for Success
The Three Empires that might have stopped the Arab expansion north and
east were either defeated or weakened.
 The Roman Empire
 The Byzantine Empire
 The Persian Empire
Now united, the Arab peoples began to work together and Muslims quickly
grew powerful
Under Muslim Rule
 Muslims tolerated other faiths
 Muslim rulers allowed Christians and Jews to practice their own religions
and pursue their own business affairs
 Non-Muslim citizens did have fewer rights than Muslims
o Forbidden to carry weapons
o Could not serve in the military
o Paid a special tax, which helped support the government
The Golden Age
The Golden Age of Muslim culture from about 800 to 1100 was a brilliant
period of history.
Great advances made in mathematics and science
Lasting works of literature and architecture were created
Why?
The Age of the Caliphs
 Name of Muslim rulers
 Under these rulers an empire developed and grew rich
 Wealth came from the many lands it controlled and from trade
 Baghdad – capital of the Muslim empire during the golden age
o Like Constantinople, it was a natural center for trade
 Traders from all over the known world brought their goods to the caliph’s
court
 The caliph was considered to be Muhammad’s successor (or the next person
who had the right to rule)
Achievements of the Golden Age
 Arab Scholars
o Created new works
o Built on earlier achievements of other cultures
 Lead to great advances in mathematics, science and literature
Mathematics and Science
 Arab Scholars
o Studied Greek and Indian mathematics
o Learned about the idea of zero from Indian Scholars
Literature
 Sufis
o Muslims who believed that they could draw close to God through
prayer, fasting and a simple life
o Created many lasting works of literature
o Poetry important
o Missionaries helped spread Islam to Central Asia, India and Africa
o Rumi, the most famous Sufi poet
o They taught that careful attention could unlock to world’s mysteries
The Ottoman Empire
After about 900, the power of the caliphs declined.
 1258 – invading Mongols killed the last caliph in Baghdad
o Much of the Muslim world was now controlled by Mongols and Turks
(peoples originally from Central Asia)
 1300 - The Ottomans (Muslim Turks) began to expand their territory
o their strong armies conquered the last obits of the Byzantine Empire
in present-day Turkey and Greece
 1453 – The Byzantine capital, Constantinople fell.
 The Ottoman ruler (sultan) now held much of southeastern Europe and
Turkey.
 Over the next 200 years, the Ottomans conquered:
o Most of southeastern Europe
o North Africa
o The Middle East
 Much of the Muslim world was unified under one ruler
Ottoman lands were also homes to many Christians and Jews.
 Their tolerance of these groups helped make the Ottoman Empire strong
Like all empires, over time, the empire weakened.
 Corrupt officials used their jobs for private gain
 European nations grew stronger
1683-Europeans defeated the Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire began a long decline.