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OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
• Anatomy
- (Greek: tomy – to cut and ana -
apart
• the study of the structure and shape of the
body and body parts and their relationships
to one another
• Gross Anatomy – study of the body, or
body part, as a whole
• Microscopic Anatomy – study of the
microscopic or very small structures of
the body or the individual organ
OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology – Greek physio: nature &
ology: the study of
• the study of the how the body and its parts
work or function
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
The body is divided into levels of structural organization based on complexity –
•
Chemical – simplest level at which atoms (tiny building blocks of matter) combine to form
molecutes (2 or more atoms bonded together)
•
Cellular – molecules associate in specific ways to form cells
• Cells – the smallest part of any living organism
• Tissues (Tissue Level)– a group of similar cells that have a common function
• Organs (Organ Level)– a group of similar tissues that have a common function
• Organ Systems (Organ Level) – a group of similar organs that have a common function
• Organism (Organismal Level) – a group of organ systems which make up a living body.
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ
Systems
Organism
LEVELS OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
ORGAN SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – the
covering of the body or skin
• Waterproof
• Cushions
• Protects
• Excretes wastes
• Regulates temperature
• Contains sense organs
(receptors) for touch, pain,
pressure, & temperature
Skeletal System –
consists of bones,
cartilage, ligaments &
joints
• Provides:
• Support
• Body framework
• Protection
• Stores minerals
• Produces blood cells
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Muscular System –
• Consists of your
muscles
• Skeletal – attached to
the bones & provide
motility (movement)
• Internal – move fluids
• Has one function – to
contract or shorten
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Nervous System – Your body’s
control system
• CNS – Central Nervous
System
• Brain – in cranial cavity
• Spinal Cord – in vertebral
column
• PNS – Peripheral Nervous
System
• Nerves – radiates
• Sensory Receptors – light,
sound, touch, changes in
body homeostasis
• ANS – Autonomic Nervous
System
• Controls the body’s
automatic responses
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Endocrine System – Controls your
body’s chemicals
• Produces & Secrete (release)
chemicals called hormones which
regulate other structures
throughout the body
• Make up of Glands
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenals
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Pineal
• Ovaries / Testes
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Cardiovascular System –
• Consists of the heart which
propels the fluid and blood
vessels; arteries, veins &
capillaries, blood cells (red, white,
platelets, etc.) and plasma (the
liquid portion of the blood)
• Uses blood as the transporting
fluid
• Carries O2, nutrients, hormones
and waste materials
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Lymphatic System – complements
the cardiovascular system
• Consists of:
• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Tonsils
• Functions to:
• Return fluid leaked from the
blood to the blood vessels
• Cleanse and filter the blood
• House the cells involved in
immunity
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Respiratory System –
• Consists of:
• Nasal passages
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Functions to:
• Keeps the body supplied with
Oxygen
• Removes Carbon Dioxide
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Digestive System – basically a tube running from the
mouth to the anus
• Consists of:
• Oral cavity – mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Liver*
• Pancreas*
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Functions to:
 Break down food
 Absorb nutrients & water
 Store solid wastes (undigested food)
* Liver & Pancreas are considered
part of the digestive system even
though food does not enter them –
they do produce digestive chemicals
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Urinary System – removes nitrogenous (nitrogen containing)
wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in the
form of urine - Aka – the Excretory System
• Consists of:
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Functions to:
 Maintain body’s water content
 Maintain body’s electrolyte (salt) content
 Regulates the blood’s acid-base balance
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Reproductive System – exists to reproduce offspring / continue
the species
Consists of:
• Gonads – reproductive organs
• Testes produce the male gamete (sex cell) / sperm
• Scrotum
• Penis
• Accessory glands & ducts
• Ovaries produce the female gamete (sex cell) / ovum / egg
• Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes
• Uterus – site of fetal / embryonic development
• Vagina
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
• Movement / Motility
• Responds to Stimuli
• Digestion
• Excretion
• Reproduction
• Growth
SURVIVAL ESSENTIALS
• To Maintain Life:
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Maintenance of body
temperature
• Correct atmospheric
pressure
HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS
• 3 components of homeostasis control mechanisms
• Receptors (sensors that monitor stimuili) must be present
and healthy
• Controls Center controls the level at which a variable
(stimuli) is to be maintained or addressed
• Effectors provide the means for the control center‘s
response
HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS
• Homeostatic control mechanisms are:
• Negative feedback
• Causes the stimulus to decline or end
• Body temperature, blood glucose levels, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and minerals
• Positive feedback
• Causes the variable to change in the same direction as
the initial change; it enhances the stimulus
• Occurs more infrequently – blood clotting and birth
HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS
• Homeostatic
Imbalance
• Causes most disease
• Increases due to age
and less efficient
organ function
ANATOMICAL TERMS AND POSITIONS