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OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY • Anatomy - (Greek: tomy – to cut and ana - apart • the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another • Gross Anatomy – study of the body, or body part, as a whole • Microscopic Anatomy – study of the microscopic or very small structures of the body or the individual organ OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY • Physiology – Greek physio: nature & ology: the study of • the study of the how the body and its parts work or function LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION The body is divided into levels of structural organization based on complexity – • Chemical – simplest level at which atoms (tiny building blocks of matter) combine to form molecutes (2 or more atoms bonded together) • Cellular – molecules associate in specific ways to form cells • Cells – the smallest part of any living organism • Tissues (Tissue Level)– a group of similar cells that have a common function • Organs (Organ Level)– a group of similar tissues that have a common function • Organ Systems (Organ Level) – a group of similar organs that have a common function • Organism (Organismal Level) – a group of organ systems which make up a living body. Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism LEVELS OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION ORGAN SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – the covering of the body or skin • Waterproof • Cushions • Protects • Excretes wastes • Regulates temperature • Contains sense organs (receptors) for touch, pain, pressure, & temperature Skeletal System – consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments & joints • Provides: • Support • Body framework • Protection • Stores minerals • Produces blood cells ORGAN SYSTEMS Muscular System – • Consists of your muscles • Skeletal – attached to the bones & provide motility (movement) • Internal – move fluids • Has one function – to contract or shorten ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS Nervous System – Your body’s control system • CNS – Central Nervous System • Brain – in cranial cavity • Spinal Cord – in vertebral column • PNS – Peripheral Nervous System • Nerves – radiates • Sensory Receptors – light, sound, touch, changes in body homeostasis • ANS – Autonomic Nervous System • Controls the body’s automatic responses ORGAN SYSTEMS Endocrine System – Controls your body’s chemicals • Produces & Secrete (release) chemicals called hormones which regulate other structures throughout the body • Make up of Glands • Pituitary • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenals • Thymus • Pancreas • Pineal • Ovaries / Testes ORGAN SYSTEMS Cardiovascular System – • Consists of the heart which propels the fluid and blood vessels; arteries, veins & capillaries, blood cells (red, white, platelets, etc.) and plasma (the liquid portion of the blood) • Uses blood as the transporting fluid • Carries O2, nutrients, hormones and waste materials ORGAN SYSTEMS Lymphatic System – complements the cardiovascular system • Consists of: • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Tonsils • Functions to: • Return fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels • Cleanse and filter the blood • House the cells involved in immunity ORGAN SYSTEMS Respiratory System – • Consists of: • Nasal passages • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs • Functions to: • Keeps the body supplied with Oxygen • Removes Carbon Dioxide ORGAN SYSTEMS Digestive System – basically a tube running from the mouth to the anus • Consists of: • Oral cavity – mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver* • Pancreas* • Small intestine • Large intestine • Rectum • Functions to: Break down food Absorb nutrients & water Store solid wastes (undigested food) * Liver & Pancreas are considered part of the digestive system even though food does not enter them – they do produce digestive chemicals ORGAN SYSTEMS Urinary System – removes nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in the form of urine - Aka – the Excretory System • Consists of: • Kidneys • Ureters • Bladder • Urethra • Functions to: Maintain body’s water content Maintain body’s electrolyte (salt) content Regulates the blood’s acid-base balance ORGAN SYSTEMS Reproductive System – exists to reproduce offspring / continue the species Consists of: • Gonads – reproductive organs • Testes produce the male gamete (sex cell) / sperm • Scrotum • Penis • Accessory glands & ducts • Ovaries produce the female gamete (sex cell) / ovum / egg • Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes • Uterus – site of fetal / embryonic development • Vagina NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS • Movement / Motility • Responds to Stimuli • Digestion • Excretion • Reproduction • Growth SURVIVAL ESSENTIALS • To Maintain Life: • Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Maintenance of body temperature • Correct atmospheric pressure HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS • 3 components of homeostasis control mechanisms • Receptors (sensors that monitor stimuili) must be present and healthy • Controls Center controls the level at which a variable (stimuli) is to be maintained or addressed • Effectors provide the means for the control center‘s response HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS • Homeostatic control mechanisms are: • Negative feedback • Causes the stimulus to decline or end • Body temperature, blood glucose levels, oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals • Positive feedback • Causes the variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; it enhances the stimulus • Occurs more infrequently – blood clotting and birth HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISMS • Homeostatic Imbalance • Causes most disease • Increases due to age and less efficient organ function ANATOMICAL TERMS AND POSITIONS