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11/28/2011 THE PERSIAN WARS 499 BCE – 448 BCE 1 11/28/2011 ORIGINS OF THE CONFLICT By 499 BCE Darius the Great had been emperor for 23 years. East coast of Anatolia settled by Greeks in the Mycenaean era. Polis of Miletus (coast of Turkey) rebelled against the Persians Tyrant of Miletus was in trouble with Persians – this was his way out. Revolt spread to other poleis Went to Greece to get support Athens and Eretria sent ships & soldiers Darius the Great Burned Persian city Sardis (important Persian city) Darius Swore to punish the Athenians & Eretrians Persia ended the revolts by 494 BCE Miletus was sacked, but the Persians were merciful to other Ionian city-states. Democracies were allowed to form, Greek religion was allowed to be practiced, Intermarriage between Persians and Greeks was encouraged Propaganda began against mainland Greece. THE PERSIAN WARS BEGIN 493 BCE: Persians send messengers to Greek poleis demanding they surrender – most do, except Sparta & Athens 492 BCE: Persian military & navy sent to Greece. Conquered land North of Greece (Thrace & Macedonia) 490 BCE: Siege of Eretria 300 ships, 20,000 soldiers lost in a storm Attacked by a fleet of 600 ships Eretria held out for 6 days & then was sacked. All citizens were taken hostage. Taken to the Persian Empire and moved to Bactria. Persian fleet’s next mission: The destruction of Athens. 2 11/28/2011 THE BATTLE OF MARATHON, 490 B.C.E. Persian army landed at Marathon Athenians sent for help Sparta did not help - busy. Plataeans were Athenians only allies. 10,000 Greek soldiers went to Marathon Greek soldiers charged in Phalanx formation (next slide) Est. 20,000-60,000 soldiers. 6400 Persians killed 192 Athenians killed 420 Plataeans killed Pheidippides ran 26 miles to Athens to tell them of the defeat & not to give up the city! Athenian Soldiers arrived soon after; Persian fleet retreated after arriving. 3 11/28/2011 PHALANX IMPACT OF MARATHON For Athenians proved they could fight Greek poleis saw they could fight against Persia & renounced submission, joining Athens & Sparta For the Greeks the Persians First defeat since before Cyrus! Felt the western part of their empire was threatened Had been bested at land & sea by tiny citystates. 4 11/28/2011 THE NEXT TEN YEARS Persian Empire Prepare for a second attack of Greece Darius died. Xerxes I, son of Darius, became Emperor Had to deal with revolts in Egypt & Babylon Was not ready to deal with Greece until 480 BCE 200,000 soldiers, bridges built across Hellespont on ships Northern Greek Poleis agree to join Persians Greek City-States 488 BCE: Athens, built a fleet of 200 Triremes (start of naval power) 481 BCE: Meeting of all Greek poleis that had not fallen to Persia called by Sparta & Athens. Xerxes I The Peloponnesian city-states agree to work together to defeat the Persians. NOT XERXES XERXES 5 11/28/2011 Greek Triremes 6 11/28/2011 THE BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE, 480 BCE (YES, THE MOVIE 300) 10,000 Greek troops led by Spartan king Leonidas block a mountain pass The only road the huge Persian army could pass through were Spartans (The Royal Bodyguards) Greeks stopped the Persians for 3 days 300 On the third day a traitor told the Persians of another mountain path that led to the back of the Greek line 300 Spartans along with 700 Thespians (from Greek city of Thespiae), 400 Thebans, and a few hundred others stayed to fight while the rest of the Greek soldiers retreated. All who remained were killed, but the Persians lost 20,000 Xerxes ordered the body of Leonidas decapitated & crucified. His bones were returned to Sparta 40 years later. Athens was given time to evacuate before the Persians arrived. When Xerxes reached Athens he set fire to the city, destroying the Acropolis. 7 11/28/2011 SITE OF THE BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE TODAY Hill of Thermopylae, Site of Spartans last Stand. Many historians believe that if the Greeks could have held out a few days more the Persians would have retreated (lack of food & water) Boeotia & Attica fell to the Persians Decisive Persian Victory The Mountain Pass behind Thermopylae Thermopylae from the East Today there is a road where the water is drawn in.. In the 400s the sea reached this far inland THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS, 480 BCE Athens positioned their navy a few miles SW of Athens in a narrow channel near the island of Salamis Xerxes ordered warships to block both ends of the channel Sank/Captured 200 Persian Ships More Persian casualties because they couldn’t swim! Xerxes retreated with much of his army leaving his general Mardonius to conquer Greece Ships were large & hard to maneuver Smaller Greek ships with battering rams attached to them punctured the hulls of the warships Mardonius hand picked the troops that remained 479 BCE: Mardonius recaptured Athens until the battle of Plataea Significance The Peloponnesus was safe from invasion Greeks were on the offensive & on their way to victory! 8 11/28/2011 ENGRAVING OF A GREEK TRIREME DESTROYING A PERSIAN SHIP 9 11/28/2011 THE END OF THE CAMPAIGN THE BATTLE OF PLATAEA, 479 BCE After recapturing Athens Mardonias offers peace deals Independent gov’t & money to rebuild, but was refused Athens & several other city states had to beg Sparta for help Refused until they came to understand that if Athens surrendered, they were next. Persians were defeated This was the battle mentioned in the last scene of the movie 300 Sparta sent 45,000 soldiers (5000 citizens, 5000 noncitizens, 35,000 helots) Total Greek soldiers: approx. 80,000 Persian forces may have ranged from 50,000-300,000 Greeks outnumbered 3:1; “Good odds for any Greek” 478-448 BCE: Greek counterattacks until the Persians sent emissaries to Athens, accepted by Pericles & they sign the Peace of Callais. 10 11/28/2011 THE DELIAN LEAGUE – START OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE Created after the Persian Wars (478 BCE) Purpose: to keep its naval defenses against the Persians strong. City-states who joined contributed Ships or Money. Treasury originally kept at the Island of Delos (Delian League) Athens was made the head of the league due to its naval power. Athens abuse Island of Naxos tried to secede from the league. Athens attacked and enslaved it, tearing down its walls. Athenians stopped accepting payment in the form of ships and demanded all members contribute money. 454 BCE – Athens moved the treasury to Athens in order to keep it “safe from Persia.” Money was used to build up the Athenian Navy, but also public building projects (Parthenon) Payment to the Delian League became tribute to Pericles and Athens. 465 BCE – Thasos revolted. Athens attacked: walls torn down, naval ships and mines confiscated by Athens. Yearly tribute to Athens. Changed from alliance into an Athenian Empire. Soon after, Peloponnesian War began (see map on next slide) 11