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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy
Clemens
Introduction to Anatomy
Text: Chapter 1
Learning Objectives:
1. Summarize levels of structure of the human body.
2. Define anatomical planes and directions in relation to anatomical position.
3. Identify the body cavities and their subdivisions.
4. Name the serous membranes of the body and describe their structure.
A. Levels of Biological Organization
ORGANISM
organ system
organ
tissue
cell
organelle
molecule
B. Basic Features of the Human Body Plan
1. Bilateral symmetry
- mid-sagittal plane of symmetry
- some asymmetry in digestive, cardiovascular and respiratory systems
2. “Tube within a tube” architecture
- somatic outer tube: integument, skeleton, muscular and nervous systems
- visceral inner tube: heart, respiratory and digestive systems
- fluid-filled cavity between the tubes, enclosed by serous membranes
C. Organ Systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Cardiovascular
5. Lymphatic
6. Nervous
7. Endocrine
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
D. Body Regions
1. General regional terms
- head (cephalic), neck (cervical), trunk (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), upper and lower limbs
2. Specific body areas (refer to Figure 1.2)
3. Terms associated with organs
- pulmonary, cardiac, gastric, hepatic, splenic, renal, etc.
E. Planes and Sections
1. frontal (coronal)
2. sagittal
midsagittal = median (plane of symmetry)
parasagittal
3. transverse (horizontal or cross-section)
section - a slice through the body in a specific plane
F. Directional Terms
superior / inferior
anterior (= ventral) / posterior (= dorsal)
medial / lateral
proximal / distal
superficial / deep
right / left
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy
Clemens
G. Body Cavities
1. Dorsal body cavity
a. Cranial cavity
b. Vertebral canal
2. Ventral body cavity
a. Thoracic cavity
pleural cavities (R and L)
mediastinum
pericardial cavity
----------------------------------- diaphragm
b. Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
peritoneal cavity
pelvic cavity
H. Serous Membranes
- enclose fluid-filled cavities that surround organs in the ventral body cavity
Membrane
Cavity
Surrounds:
pleura(e)
pleural cavities (2) lungs
pericardium
pericardial cavity
heart
peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
abdominal viscera (digestive organs and spleen)
Layers
parietal layer - lines outer wall of cavity
visceral layer - covers internal organs
- space between parietal and visceral layers contains serous fluid
Study Questions
1. Describe the planes and sections used to study the body and relate these to directional terms.
2. Be able to give the scientific names that correspond to the common names of body parts.
3. What type of symmetry does the body have, and what plane divides the body symmetrically?
4. What organs are located in the dorsal body cavity?
5. What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
6. Name and describe the serous membranes of the body:
Where are they located?
What organs and cavities do they surround?
What is the parietal layer and what is the visceral layer of a serous membrane?