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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Clemens Introduction to Anatomy Text: Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Summarize levels of structure of the human body. 2. Define anatomical planes and directions in relation to anatomical position. 3. Identify the body cavities and their subdivisions. 4. Name the serous membranes of the body and describe their structure. A. Levels of Biological Organization ORGANISM organ system organ tissue cell organelle molecule B. Basic Features of the Human Body Plan 1. Bilateral symmetry - mid-sagittal plane of symmetry - some asymmetry in digestive, cardiovascular and respiratory systems 2. “Tube within a tube” architecture - somatic outer tube: integument, skeleton, muscular and nervous systems - visceral inner tube: heart, respiratory and digestive systems - fluid-filled cavity between the tubes, enclosed by serous membranes C. Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Cardiovascular 5. Lymphatic 6. Nervous 7. Endocrine 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive D. Body Regions 1. General regional terms - head (cephalic), neck (cervical), trunk (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), upper and lower limbs 2. Specific body areas (refer to Figure 1.2) 3. Terms associated with organs - pulmonary, cardiac, gastric, hepatic, splenic, renal, etc. E. Planes and Sections 1. frontal (coronal) 2. sagittal midsagittal = median (plane of symmetry) parasagittal 3. transverse (horizontal or cross-section) section - a slice through the body in a specific plane F. Directional Terms superior / inferior anterior (= ventral) / posterior (= dorsal) medial / lateral proximal / distal superficial / deep right / left Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Clemens G. Body Cavities 1. Dorsal body cavity a. Cranial cavity b. Vertebral canal 2. Ventral body cavity a. Thoracic cavity pleural cavities (R and L) mediastinum pericardial cavity ----------------------------------- diaphragm b. Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity peritoneal cavity pelvic cavity H. Serous Membranes - enclose fluid-filled cavities that surround organs in the ventral body cavity Membrane Cavity Surrounds: pleura(e) pleural cavities (2) lungs pericardium pericardial cavity heart peritoneum peritoneal cavity abdominal viscera (digestive organs and spleen) Layers parietal layer - lines outer wall of cavity visceral layer - covers internal organs - space between parietal and visceral layers contains serous fluid Study Questions 1. Describe the planes and sections used to study the body and relate these to directional terms. 2. Be able to give the scientific names that correspond to the common names of body parts. 3. What type of symmetry does the body have, and what plane divides the body symmetrically? 4. What organs are located in the dorsal body cavity? 5. What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity? 6. Name and describe the serous membranes of the body: Where are they located? What organs and cavities do they surround? What is the parietal layer and what is the visceral layer of a serous membrane?