Download Quarter One: Scientific Method - AP Biology with Ms. Costigan

Name: ANSWER KEY
Period: ______________
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BIOLOGY CST REVIEW PACKET
Assignment
Points
Possible
QUARTER ONE
Scientific Method
20
Biochemistry
20
Cellular Biology
20
Cellular Processes
20
QUARTER TWO
DNA & Protein Synthesis
20
Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
20
Genetics
20
Ecology
20
QUARTER THREE
Evolution
20
QUARTER FOUR
The Nervous System
10
The Immune System
10
Homeostasis in the Body
10
TOTAL POINTS
210
Points
Earned
Quarter One: Scientific Method
Define the following key terms:
1. hypothesis – an educated guess; a proposed reason for observation
2. theory – a scientifically acceptable general principle that is offered to explain an observation
3. control – in an experiment, a group, sample, test, etc. that is used in comparison to the group, sample, test, etc.
that the experiment is actually done for
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
4. Distinguish between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms.
A hypothesis is simply an educated guess based on an observation, while a theory is formed after experimenting,
researching and analyzing data in the attempt to support a given hypothesis.
5. Explain the need for controlled tests.
To have something “normal” to compare experimental groups, samples, tests, etc. to.
6. Which statement best describes a scientific theory?
a. It is a collection of data designed to provide support for a hypothesis.
b. It is an educated guess that can be tested by experimentation.
c. It is a scientific fact that no longer requires any evidence to support it.
d. It is a general statement that is supported by many scientific observations.
7. In most freshwater environments, populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and reproduce asexually.
However, males are observed in low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based on these observations, a
researcher suggests that male Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. This is an
example of a:
a. Result
c. Procedure
b. Theory
d. Hypothesis
8. Which sentence best states the importance of using control groups?
a. Control groups allow comparison between subjects receiving a treatment and those receiving no
treatment.
b. Control groups eliminate the need for large sample sizes, reducing the number of measurements needed.
c. Control groups eliminate the need for statistical tests and simplify calculations.
d. Control groups provide a method by which statistical variability can be reduced.
9. In the lab setup pictured, a student is trying to determine the effect of pollutants on the growth of three groups of
seeds. The results will not be valid because the experiment has no:
a. Conclusion
b. Hypothesis
c. Control
d. Variable
25oC
Group 1: 10 radish seeds
open Petri dish
20 mL motor oil
35oC
Group 2: 10 bean seeds
sealed Petri dish
20 mL dish soap
45oC
Group 3: 10 alfalfa seeds
sealed Petri dish
20 mL antifreeze
Diagram Practice
Graph the following data:
Water Depth (meters)
50
75
100
150
200
Temperature (oC)
18
15
12
5
4
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the Scientific Method concept.
The Scientific Method can be applied to many different situations, even outside of science, in order to solve a
problem. First, an observation is made or a problem is stated. From there, the scientist forms a hypothesis, or
educated guess, in order to solve the problem or explain the phenomena being observed. Scientists then
experiment, research and test their hypothesis in order to gather as much evidence as possible to support their
hypothesis. Then, scientists analyze that data and discover that either their hypothesis is supported (creating a
theory), or that their hypothesis is rejected. If rejected, the scientist creates a new hypothesis and starts all over
again!
Quarter One: Biochemistry
Define the following key terms:
1. monomer – a chemical compound that, when put together, creates a polymer
2. polymer – a macromolecule composed of repeating structural units, typically connected by covalent
bonds
3. protein – organic molecules composed of amino acids
4. catalyst – a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
5. enzyme – any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells to speed up chemical reactions
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
6. Compare the terms monomer and polymer.
Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.
7. Many of the large molecules necessary for life are polymers made of smaller monomers. Complete the
chart below for the four macromolecules of life.
Polymer
Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer (subunit)
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
8. Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic compounds?
a. Proteins, water, DNA, fats
b. Proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water
c. Proteins, DNA, fats, starch
d. Proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch
9. In plants, simple sugars are least likely to be:
a. Linked together to form proteins
b. Broken down into carbon dioxide and water
c. Used as a source of energy
d. Stored in the form of starch molecules
10. What substance could be represented by the letter X
in the diagram to the right?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Ozone
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Water
Diagram Practice
Enzymes have an optimum (best possible) temperature at which they work best. Temperatures above and
below this optimum will decrease enzyme activity. Circle the graph below that best illustrates the effect of
temperature on enzyme activity.
The diagram below provides some information concerning proteins.
A
Influences
Protein
Shape
Determines
Protein
Function
Which phrase is represented by A?
a. sequence of amino acids
b. sequence of simple sugar
c. sequence of starch molecules
d. sequence of ATP molecules
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concept of Biochemistry.
Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. All living things contain the following four
organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These molecules are often called
macromolecules because they may be very large, containing thousands of carbon and hydrogen atoms and
because they are typically composed of many smaller molecules bonded together. These smaller molecules are
called monomers and, when grouped together, form the macromolecules or polymers. In order for the body to
handle all of it’s activity efficiently and quickly, enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical processes.
Quarter One: Cell Biology
Define the following key terms:
1. prokaryote – a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus
2. eukaryote – a single-celled or multicellular organism that has a membrane-bound nucleus
3. nucleus – a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
4. ribosome – a minute particle composed of protein and RNA that serves as the site of protein synthesis
5. mitochondria – spherical or rod-shaped organelles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; referred to as
the “powerhouse of the cell” since they act as the site for the production of ATP which are a vital energy source
6. chloroplast – chlorophyll-containing; found in plant cells
7. Golgi body – an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells responsible for packaging and distribution of proteins
8. endoplasmic reticulum – membrane-bound organelle with interconnected sacs or tubules that transport items
throughout the cell
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
9. Compare viruses and living cells.
A virus is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside of a living, host cell.
10. Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
11. Compare animal and plant cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuoles where animal cells do not.
12. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through.
Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called:
a. Perforated
c. Non-conductive
b. Semi-permeable
d. Permeable
13. If a cell did not have ribosomes, it would be unable to:
a. Extract energy from glucose
b. Synthesize glucose
c. Store food in the form of fat
d. Form proteins
14. Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?
a. Nucleus: protein synthesis
c. Golgi bodies: packaging
b. ER: heredity
d. Mitochondria: digestion
15. Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?
a. Nucleus, Golgi body, chloroplasts
c. Centrioles, cell walls, nucleolus
b. Ribosomes, mitochondria, plasma
d. Vacuoles, nucleolus, starch grains
membranes
16. There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to
catalyze a specific reaction?
a. Different enzymes are synthesized in different areas of the cytoplasm.
b. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions.
c. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.
d. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes.
17. Which of the following processes is carried out by both cells and viruses?
a. Creating carbohydrates from sunlight.
b. Producing new DNA or RNA.
c. Transporting products through the endoplasmic reticulum.
d. Metabolizing energy in mitochondria.
18. The eukaryotic organism described in the box to the right should be
classified as:
a. An animal
b. A bacterium
c. A fungus
d. A plant
Experimental Observations:
1. Nucleus is present.
2. Cell wall is present.
3. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are
both present.
Diagram Practice
19. Identify and list the function of organelles A, B and C.
Letter
Organelle Name
Function
A
Cell Membrane
Protect cell/regulate what comes in and out
B
Nucleus
“Brain” of cell/controls all function
C
Ribosome
Makes proteins
20. Identify one process that is carried out in cell Y that is not carried out in cell X.
Photosynthesis
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concept of Cell Biology.
Cell Biology is an academic discipline that studies cells of all types, including animal, plant, bacterial and virus.
This includes their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain (ex. nucleus, ribosome,
mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.), interactions with their environment, their
life cycle, division and death. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversity of single-celled
organisms like prokaryotes and the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms (eukaryotes).
Quarter One: Cellular Processes
Define the following key terms:
1. homeostasis – body’s ability to regulate its internal conditions to ensure its stability in fluctuating external
conditions
2. selective permeability – cell membrane’s control over what can/cannot enter/exit the cell
3. osmosis – movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
4. photosynthesis – the process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy from the sunlight to produce sugar
5. chlorophyll – a green pigment that gives most plants their color and enables them to carry out the process of
photosynthesis
6. cellular respiration – one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy and releases waste products
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
7. Explain how semi-permeable membranes of cells control their interaction with their surroundings.
Semi-permeable membranes regulate what comes in and out of the cell.
8. Write the equation for photosynthesis and describe the process.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 In the presence of sunlight, plants take in carbon dioxide and water
and create glucose (sugar) for fuel for themselves and then release oxygen into the atmosphere.
9. Explain the function of mitochondria in the process of cellular respiration.
Mitochondria convert the potential energy of food molecules into ATP, which is the main energy currency of cells.
10. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through.
Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called:
a. Perforated
b. Semi-permeable
c. Non-conductive
d. Permeable
11. Which molecule in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight?
a. Glucose
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Chlorophyll
d. Adenosine triphosphate
12. The processes of photosynthesis and respiration can be thought of as a cycle because:
a. One is used only by plants and the other is used only by animals
b. Both give off oxygen to be used by animals
c. The products of one are used as the raw materials of the other
d. They both have the same purpose
Raw Materials
Products
Purpose
Photosynthesis
Water & CO2
Glucose & oxygen
Store energy
Respiration
Glucose & oxygen
Water & CO2
Release energy
Comparison-Photosynthesis & Respiration
Diagram Practice
13. Draw arrows to show the movement of water in the following cell diagrams.
Environment 10% Water
Environment 100% Water
Cell 90% Water
Cell 90% Water
Fill in the four boxes in the diagram to the right. Choose
from H2O (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide), O2 (oxygen), and
C6H12O6 (glucose). Answer the two questions that follow.
Environment 65% Water
Cell 65% Water
H2 O
CO2
O2
C6H12O6
14. Does letter G represent a chloroplast or mitochondrion?
Chloroplast
15. Which statement is supported by the diagram?
a. The mitochondrion uses the sun’s energy
directly.
b. The end products of photosynthesis do not
provide energy for cellular respiration.
c. The main source of energy for photosynthesis is
the sun.
d. Carbohydrates are converted into ATP by the
mitochondrion.
Use the diagram on the left to answer the following question.
16. The movements indicated by all the arrows are directly involved
in:
a. The maintenance of homeostasis
b. Photosynthesis, only
c. Excretion, only
d. The digestion of minerals
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concept of Cellular
Processes.
In order to maintain homeostasis, which implies that our body can keep our internal conditions stable despite
what external conditions we may be subjected to, there are many cellular processes our body must undergo.
Initially, our cells are surrounded by membranes which have selective permeability, regulating what goes in and
out of every cell in our body. Water, making up the majority of the human body, transfers in and out of cells
through the process of osmosis. Furthermore, we are symbiotic with the plants around us as they undergo
photosynthesis, utilizing their chlorophyll to do so, and we utilize the “waste” products from that process to fuel
our cellular respiration. Our body has many built-in cellular processes, with these few as examples, to maintain
homeostasis in our body.
Quarter Two: DNA and Protein Synthesis
Define the following key terms:
1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded cell that contains the hereditary material in humans
and almost all other organisms
2. nucleotide – the building blocks (monomers) of DNA made up of a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose) and
nitrogen-containing base
3. replication – the process of DNA creating more of itself by copying
4. RNA – ribonucleic acid; a single-stranded cell that is central to making proteins (aka protein synthesis)
5. transcription – aka RNA synthesis; the process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of
DNA
6. translation – the process of translating genetic code into a peptide or protein
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
7. Complete the following sequence by applying base-pairing rules of DNA:
A T C G A T C G A
T A G C T A G C T
8. Complete the following chart comparing DNA and RNA.
Nucleic Acid
Type of Sugar
# of Strands
Deoxyribose
2
DNA
Ribose
1
RNA
Diagram Practice:
Identify each of the parts of the DNA molecule to the right.







Deoxyribose (D)
Phosphate group (P)
Nitrogen base (NB)
Circle a nucleotide
Adenine (A)
On
Guanine (G)
Strand
II
Thymine (T)
Identify each of the processes in the diagram below.
Nitrogen Bases
AGTC
AGUC
Types
DNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Identify number 1-5 from the protein synthesis diagram on the right.
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. amino acid
4. ribosome
5. peptide bond
Complete the following chart.
Use the genetic code to the right for amino acid types.
DNA Bases
AAT
GGG
ATA
AAA
GTT
Process
mRNA
Codon
transcription UUA
Transcription CCC
Transcription UAU
Transcription UUU
transcription CAA
Process
translation
translation
translation
translation
translation
tRNA
Anticodon
AAU
GGG
AUA
AAA
GUU
Amino
Acid
Leu
Pro
Tyr
Phe
Gln
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concept of DNA and Protein
Synthesis.
DNA is essential to the human body because it contains all of the hereditary information and directions for our
body to carry out it’s processes. DNA is made up of a sequence of nucleotides with nitrogen-bases matched up
according to base pairing rules. When more DNA is needed, DNA replication occurs allowing DNA to copy
itself. When proteins are needed in the body to carry out the functions that DNA wants the body to do, RNA
makes these proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.
Quarter Two: Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
Define the following key terms:
1. chromosome – structure made of DNA and associated proteins on which genes are located
2. meiosis – cell division for the production of gametes
3. gamete – sex cells
4. haploid – cell that has only one set of chromosomes
5. diploid – cell that has two set of chromosome, one from each parent
6. zygote – fertilized egg cell
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
7. Explain the purpose of meiosis.
To create haploid gametes so that when they are fused together (one from each parent), the zygote (eventual
embryo/offspring) will be a normally functioning life with diploid cells.
8. Compare the terms haploid and diploid.
See #4 and #5 above.
9. Explain the role of chromosomes in determining an individual’s sex.
A female human passes on an “x” chromosome to her offspring, while a male can contribute either an “x” or “y.”
Depending on which chromosome the father passes in his haploid sperm cell, the offspring will be male (xy) or
female (xx).
10. In human females, how many egg cells are formed as a result of one primary sex cell undergoing normal meiotic
cell division?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
11. The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of the species by providing each generation
with the same number of:
a. Body cells
c. Offspring
b. Chromosome
d. Gametes
12. The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of the species by providing each generation
with the same number of:
a. Body cells
c. Offspring
b. Chromosomes
d. gametes
13. What is the name used for a female gamete? Ovum (Egg)
14. What is the name for the male gamete? Sperm
15. What is the name of the process when these two combine? Fertilization
16. What is the name of the cell when these two combine? Zygote
17. Mutations within a DNA sequence are:
a. natural processes that produce genetic diversity
b. natural processes that always affect the phenotype
c. unnatural processes that always affect the phenotype
d. unnatural processes that are harmful to genetic diversity
Diagram Practice:
Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions.
18. How many chromosomes are in the first cell? 4
19. How many chromosome are in each of the last four cells? 1
20. What is the name of this process? Meiosis
21. Is the first cell diploid or haploid? Diploid
22. Are the last four cells diploid or haploid? Haploid
The diagram below represents two human cells.
23. How many chromosomes are in the sperm cell? 23
24. How many chromosomes are in the egg cell? 23
25. How many chromosomes are in the cell if they go through
fertilization? 46
24. Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the processes represented by the letters in the diagram?
Row
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A
Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
Mitosis
B
Meiosis
Meiosis
Mitosis
Mitosis
*Differentiation = Mitosis
C
D
Fertilization Differentiation
Fertilization Differentiation
Differentiation
Fertilization
Differentiation
fertilization
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concepts of Meiosis and
Sexual Reproduction.
Meiosis is necessary for life to create new life with the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis results in the
production of gametes, taking diploid cells and making haploid cells (gametes) out of them. When these
gametes join together through sexual reproduction, the egg cell is fertilized by the sperm cell and a zygote is
created. This zygote will then go through differentiation to produce the offspring.
Quarter Two: Genetics
Define the following key terms:
1. genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism as indicated by its set of alleles
2. phenotype – observable characteristics of an organism
3. homozygous – refers to an individual with two identical alleles for a trait (ex. FF or ff)
4. heterozygous – refers to an individual with two different alleles for a trait (ex. Ff)
5. dominant trait – genetic trait that is expressed when its allele is homozygous (FF) or heterozygous (Ff)
6. recessive trait – genetic trait that is not expressed when the dominant trait is present (Ff)
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
7. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation.
First law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.
8. Explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
Second law of heredity stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis.
Use the Punnett square to the right and the information below to answer the following questions:
B = brown fur
b = white fur
Punnett Square
9. What is the dominant gene? B
10. What is the recessive gene? b
b
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
B
11. What genotypes would be brown fur? BB and Bb
b
12. What genotypes would be white fur? bb
13. What is the dominant phenotype? Brown fur
14. What is the recessive phenotype? White fur
15. What is the cross shown in this Punnett square? Monohybrid Cross
16. What is the probability that the offspring will have brown fur? 3/4
17. What is the probability that the offspring will have white fur? 1/4
18. What is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous dominant? 1/4
19. What is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous recessive? 1/4
20. What is the probability that the offspring will be heterozygous? 2/4
B
B
B
Draw a Punnett square for the cross BB x bb.
b
21. How many offspring will have brown fur? 4/4
b
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
22. How many offspring will have white fur? 0/4
23. What will the phenotypic ratio be? 4 brown fur: 0 white fur
Genetic Problems:
In the three genetic problem, include a Punnett square for each answer.
Fur color in cats is controlled by a gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form, (b). The
length of the cat’s fur is controlled by another gene which occurs in the dominant form, (S), or the recessive form
(s). The table below shows the traits for these allele codes.
GENE
B
b
S
s
TRAIT
Black fur
White fur
Short-haired fur
Long-haired fur
The following genotypes were found in a male cat and a female cat: BbSs (male), bbSS (female).
24. Which one of the following choices is true of the phenotype of offspring from these parents?
a. All offspring will have black fur.
b. All offspring will have white fur.
c. All offspring will have long-haired fur.
d. All offspring will have short-haired fur.
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summarizing the concept of Genetics.
Genetics are the key to understanding why we look the way we do. All of the traits in our body are expressed
through alleles that make up our genotype, and we physically see what those genotypes look like in phenotypes.
Genotypes can be homozygous, which mean they possess two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles, or they
can be heterozygous, which means it contains one dominant and one recessive allele.
Quarter Two – Ecology
Define the following key terms:
1. abiotic factor – physical aspects of a habitat
2. biodiversity – the variety of species living within an ecosystem
3. producer – organism that make its own food from energy and carbon atoms in its environment; autotroph
4. consumer – organism that must obtain energy to build its molecules by consuming other organisms; heterotroph
5. decomposer – organism that causes decay
6. food web – a network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
Unit Objectives & Review Question:
7. Explain the importance of producers and decomposers in the ecosystem.
Producers utilize sunlight to create food for all of the consumers in the ecosystem, and decomposers help to replenish
the nutrients in the soil that producers need to create food.
8. Explain why an energy pyramid has only 3-4 trophic levels.
Each level uses some of the energy produced by the level below it. By the time you reach 3-4 levels, there is simply
no more energy left to be used.
9. Fossil evidence suggests that a number of members from of one fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley,
California, became several isolated species. Each of these new species lived in a different pond. Which of the
following best explains the cause of this speciation?
a. episodic isolation
c. geographic isolation
b. temporal isolation
d. behavioral isolation
Use the energy pyramid on the right to answer the following questions.
10. At each successive level from A to D, the amount of available energy:
a. Increases, only.
c. Increases, then decreases.
b. Decreases, only.
d. Remains the same
11. Which process provides the initial energy to support all the levels in the energy pyramid shown?
a. Circulation
c. Active transport
b. Photosynthesis
d. Digestion
12. Which level in the pyramid would most likely contain members of the plant kingdom? A
13. Which statement best describes what happens to energy and molecules in a stable ecosystem?
a. Both energy and molecules are recycled in an ecosystem.
b. Neither energy nor molecules are recycled in an ecosystem.
c. Energy is recycled and molecules are continuously added to the ecosystem.
d. Energy is continuously added to the ecosystem and molecules are recycled.
Diagram Practice:
14. Draw a diagram showing how the processes of photosynthesis and respiration recycle oxygen and carbon in an
ecosystem. Use all of the following terms: Light energy, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen, ATP,
chlorophyll, and mitochondria.
Use the food web on the right to answer the following four questions.
15. If the population of mice is reduced by disease, which change will most
likely occur in the food web?
a. The cricket population will increase.
b. The snake population will increase.
c. The grasses will decrease.
d. The deer population will decrease.
16. What is the original source of energy for this food web?
a. Chemical bonds in sugar molecules
b. Enzymatic reactions
c. The sun
d. Chemical reactions of bacteria
17. Which organisms are not shown in this diagram but are essential to a balanced ecosystem?
a. Heterotrophs
c. Producers
b. Autotrophs
d. DECOMPOSERS
18. Indicate which organisms are examples of a predator-prey relationship found in the food web.
a. Deer-trees
c. Hawk-mountain lion
b. Mouse-rabbit
d. Snake-hawk
19. Based on the method by which they get their food, organisms are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs. Which
organism listed below is correctly paired with its metabolism?
a. Mushroom – autotroph
c. Grass – heterotroph
b. Human – heterotroph
d. Fish – autotroph
20. What is the population of deer at the carrying capacity of the
environment shown in the graph?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 50
d. 70
21.
The sequence of stages leading from bare field to stage
hardwood forest best illustrates the process known as:
a. Replication
b. Recycling
c. Feedback
d. Succession
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summing up the concept of Ecology.
Ecology studies ecosystems and how both abiotic and biotic factors use and depend on each other for survival.
For any ecosystem to thrive, a high amount of biodiversity should be present. This biodiversity should include
a wide range of producers, consumers and decomposers in order to maximize the food web.
Quarter Three – Evolution
Define the following key terms:
1. adaptation – process of becoming adapted to an environment
2. variation – the differences in living things caused by genetic mutation, migration and the reshuffling of genes
through sexual reproduction
3. natural selection – process by which populations change in response to their environment as individuals better
adapted to the environment leave more offspring than those individuals not suited to the environment
4. mutation – change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome
5. extinction – term used to indicate species that permanently disappear
6. biodiversity – the variety of species living within an ecosystem
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
7. Explain how natural selection works.
Natural selection acts on the phenotype of an organism, but the genetic basis of any phenotype which gives a
reproductive advantage will become more common in a population. Over time, this process can result in adaptations
that specialize populations for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the emergence of new species.
8. Explain why natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype of an organism.
It is an animal’s physical traits that allow it to survive or not survive in an environment.
9. Explain how variation within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of a species will
survive under changed environmental conditions.
Variation allows some of the species’ members to adapt to the changing environment even though other members
cannot.
10. Explain how a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organisms survive major changes
in the environment.
Same answer as #9.
11. Which of the following statements describes the process of natural selection?
a. Farmers select animals with desirable variations for breeding.
b. Populations sharing the same gene pool interbreed and create new species.
c. Individuals survive that have inherited traits adapted to their environment.
d. New species are formed via genetic engineering.
12. Earth has undergone some catastrophic changes from time to time. Which of these most likely explains why life
on Earth continued following these catastrophes?
a. Dominant species had a slow mutation rate.
b. Many species filled the same niche.
c. A strong species had many different characteristics.
d. A wide diversity of species existed.
13. Which of these best illustrates natural selection?
a. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully.
b. A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate.
c. A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes.
d. The largest organism is a species receive the only breeding opportunities.
Diagram Practice:
14. The diagrams sequences below show changes in a desert lizard population. Which biological concept is
demonstrated? How does it show this?
1. Population with variety of
inherited traits
2. Predation of individuals
with particular traits.
3. Reproduction of survivors.
This shows the concept of natural selection. The predator was only able to see, and therefore eat, those lizard
that were dark in color. The lizards who were light in color, due to a variation within the species, were able to
survive.
15. According to this information, which group
demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during the
Cretaceous period?
a. Dinosaurs
b. Crocodilians
c. Snakes
d. Lizards
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summing up the concept of Evolution.
Evolution has happened on our planet throughout most of it’s history, allowing species who were able to adapt
to their changing environments to thrive and survive through the process of natural selection. Variations in the
species were likely caused by mutations. Those species who could not survive became extinct. Biodiversity is
important to the process of evolution because the more species that exist in any given environment, the greater
chance that some of the species will survive catastrophic changes in the environment’s conditions.
Quarter Four – The Nervous System
Define the following key terms:
1. nervous system – the system of the body containing the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) and the
sensory and motor neurons (peripheral nervous system)
2. feedback loop – the causal path that leads from the initial generation of the feedback signal to the subsequent
modification of the event
3. neuron – nerve cell; processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling
4. neurotransmitter – chemicals which relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
5. Explain how the nervous system mediates communication between different parts of the body and interactions
with the environment.
When the environment forces the body to react in some way, neurotransmitters communicate between the neurons and
body cells in the feedback loop process.
6. Describe the functions of the nervous system, and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses.
The nervous system has three basic functions: (a) sensory neurons receive information from the sensory receptors, (b)
interneurons transfer and interpret impulses and (c) motor neurons send appropriate impulses/instructions to the
muscles and glands. Neurons make all of this happen via their synapses transmitting electrochemical impulses.
7. Striking the tendon just below the kneecap causes the lower leg to jerk. Moving an object quickly toward the face
can cause the eyes to blink shut. These are examples of:
a. Learned responses
c. Reflex reactions
b. Short-term memory
d. Sensory overload
8. Complete the following table regarding the different types of neurons.
Neuron Type
Sensory
Interneuron
Motor
Function
Receive information from the sensory receptors
Transfer and interpret impulses
Send appropriate impulses/instructions to the muscles/glands of the body
Diagram Practice:
9. In the diagram, one cell creates and releases chemicals that travel to a
second cell and quickly induce that cell into action. This diagram
represents part of the:
a. Nervous system
b. Endocrine system
c. Muscular system
d. Skeletal system
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summing up the concept of the Nervous System
Combine answers to #4 and #5 above.
Quarter Four – Immune System
Define the following key terms:
1. immunity – resistance to a disease
2. virus – a strand of nucleic acid encased in a protein coat that can infect cells and replicate within them
3. antibodies – defensive protein released by plasma cells during an immune response
4. vaccination – the application of a vaccine to produce immunity
5. antibiotics – chemical used as a drug to kill bacteria
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
6. Explain the role of skin in providing defenses against infection.
The skin is the body’s first line of defense in fighting infection, serving as the primary boundary from outside
attackers to the vital organs inside of your body.
7. Explain the role of antibodies in the body’s response to infection.
An antibody is a small structure of molecules that your body produces which binds to the surface of a foreign body,
like a bacteria or virus, and prevents it from actively damaging your body. If antibodies bind to the entire surface of a
virus then the virus cannot get into your cells; if the virus is left with it's surface exposed, the surface of the virus is
designed to pass through your cell walls and access the nucleus of your cell to produce copies of itself. Antibodies
prevent this.
8. Explain how a vaccination protects an individual from infectious diseases.
A vaccine stimulates the immune system to respond against specific diseases in the body, although the vaccine has no
live, harmful portion. Your body is tricked into creating the immune response in order to learn the disease so that if it
is ever introduced into your body, your body will know how to fight it.
9. Compare the important difference between viruses and bacteria with respect to the body’s primary defenses
against each and how each is treated.
Viruses are not living and need a host cell to thrive, while bacteria have everything they need without a host. Bacteria
are not always bad, but antibiotics are need to kill harmful bacteria in your body so that you can survive. Viruses may
sometimes be treated with antiviral medication, but not all viruses have a medication. Your body’s immune response
must kick in to save the day!
10. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected
against polio because the weakened viruses:
a. Prevent further viral invasion
c. Promote production of antibodies
b. Induce an inflammatory response
d. Are too weak to cause illness
11. Which of these could successfully be treated with antibiotics?
a. Common cold
b. Influenza
c. HIV
d. Strep throat
12. What is the body’s first line of defense against disease?
a. Enzymes
b. Blood
c. Antibodies
d. Skin
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summing up the concept of the Immune System
Questions #6-9 do a great job summing up how the immune system works!
Quarter Four – Homeostasis in the Body
Define the following key terms:
1. homeostasis – the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
2. endothermy – ability of some creatures to control their body temperatures; warm-blooded
3. hormones – substance secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells
Unit Objectives & Review Questions:
4. How are hormones involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Hormones do many things. They regulate metabolism. Metabolism is all of the chemical and energy reactions that
happen in a living thing. Hormones cause the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms. (Another word for a
living thing like a plant or an animal is an organism.) Hormones also start and control sexual development. For
example, the hormones estrogen and progesterone make girls start puberty. Hormones help keep homeostasis in an
organism. Homeostasis means to keep a constant state inside the body like temperature, amount of water and salts,
and amount of sugar. Hormones released by one gland can also tell other glands to make different hormones.
5. Why does the fact that humans are endothermic help to maintain homeostasis?
By being able to internally heat ourselves, we can maintain a stable internal environment despite the temperature
outside.
6. In order to maintain homeostasis, it is most important for an animal to be able to:
a. Respond to its environment
b. Hide from its predators
c. Change its habitat
d. Increase its prey population
7. What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin?
a. Loss of oils produced by the skin
b. Excessive muscle contractions in the damaged area
c. Infections in uncovered tissues
d. Damaged tissue entering the blood stream
8. In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, the chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be
followed by:
a. Water intake
b. Muscle contractions
c. Waste removal
d. Nerve impulses
9. Which of these secretes a hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism in the body?
a. Spleen
b. Cerebrum
c. Thyroid
d. kidney
Summary Paragraph – Using the key terms, write a paragraph summing up the concept of homeostasis’
importance to the body.
Homeostasis is a key to human survival. Without being able to regulate our internal temperature (endothermy)
or utilize the various hormones in our body to respond to external conditions, the complex process of just living
and breathing would be an arduous task.