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Transcript
HCS 330 Disease in the News Disease in the News The West Nile Virus that was initially tracked down in 1937 in an adult lady residing in Uganda is actually a disorder which can cause really serious meningitis or encephalitis in human beings in case contracted (CDC, 2010). After 1937, the illness referred to as the West Nile Virus has spread in all areas of the whole world and has been the key reason for a considerable number of fatalities. For that reason, these days an article explaining the spreading as well as contraction of this illness will be analyzed as an attempt to share with those people interested on how to defend one’s self from this disastrous illness. In analyzing the content the writers will be identified, the content will be explained, claims will be known, national as well as geographical problems will be established, and supporting proof will be furnished. Authors Writer Edward B. Hayes acquired his bachelor’s of arts qualification while attending Bodoin College in 1978 and his qualification in medicine while participating in Tufts University School of Medicine in 1982. Hayes presently works as a research professor at the International Research Center in Health of Barcelona (CRESIB) however previously worked as the Chief of Surveillance and Epidemiology Activity, Arboviral Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2005 when this article was published (CRESIB, 2006). Nicholas Kumar acquired his bachelors of Science qualification in Molecular Biology from the University of Massachusetts, acquired his Science doctorate qualification in contagious illness epidemiology from the Harvard School of Public-Health’s Department of Tropical Public Health, as well as studied both Chemistry and International Development at the University of East Anglia (Western University of Health Sciences, 2009). Dr. Kumar at the moment works as the vertebrate ecologist for the Centers for Disease Control as well as Prevention's Arbovirus Diseases Branch in Fort Collins and has since 1997 (Western University of Health Sciences, 2009). Roger S. Nasci acquired both his B.S and M.S in Zoology from Ohio University; he acquired his Ph.D. in Entomology from the University of Massachusetts, as well as was a National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the University of Notre Dame’s Vector Biology Laboratory (Sir Dorabji Tata Center for Research, 2007). Nasci at the moment works as a research entomologist as well as is the Chief of the Arboviral Diseases Branch in the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Sir Dorabji Tata Center for Research, 2007). Susan P. Montgomery acquired her DVM from Cornell University and her MPH from Harvard School of Public Health (Doctors Without Borders, 2010). Montgomery at the moment works for the Parasitic Diseases Branch; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. Montgomery’s jobs at CDC include that of being a staff epidemiologist in the Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch as well as an EIS officer with the Arboviral Diseases Branch in the Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases (Doctors Without Borders, 2010). Daniel R. O’Leary has got a doctorates education in veterinary medicine as well as at the moment works as a Career Epidemiology Field Officer with a division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2007). Grant L. Campbell acquired his MD qualification from the UW School of Medicine in 1978 and is at the moment working as a medical epidemiologist in the Surveillance and Epidemiology Activity, Arboviral Diseases Branch, CDC in Fort Collins, Colorado; his study pursuits include that of the epidemiology as well as prevention of vector borne diseases (U.S. National Center for Infectious Diseases, 2006). The writers connected with this informative article do not seem to have any kind of biased interests regarding the topic at hand however; they do appear to have personnel experience regarding the research concluded and required to write this informative article. Article This great article being analyzed is a peer-reviewed educational journal that was written and published during 2005, by The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). This great article referred to as Epidemiology as well as Transmission Dynamics of West Nile Virus was retrieved from the EBSCOHOST database. This great article analyzed provides an introduction to ways and means in which the illness known as the West Nile Virus can as well as has spread all over the world. In the piece of writing, it is stated that the virus, that is at first transported by birds, can be transmitted to human beings by way of the contact of an contaminated mosquito and therefore as soon as contaminated this illness can definitely cause a person major difficulties. Any time an infected mosquito bites a person, the virus makes its way into an individual’s blood vessels, resulting in the virus to increase in numbers as well as spread, and in case the virus actually gets to the individual’s brain an inflammatory reaction of the brain referred to as encephalitis takes place which in turn leads to additional complications with the central nervous system to start. In concerns to this specific virus, the projected occurrence of the infection is determined by the total number of competent mosquitoes in a general area. For that reason, the greater number of mosquitoes which can transport the virus in a general area the higher one’s possibility of getting to be infected is in case most effective actions are not taken to stay away from the spread of this illness. Well known carriers in 2004 of this illness included the Cx. tarsalis, the Cx. pipiens, the Cx. Quinquefasciatus, the Cx. restuans, the Cx. Erythrothorax, as well as thirty five other varieties (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). The West Nile Virus that has been located in overseas countries around the world such as that of Asia, Europe, as well as Africa, has spread a lot in the United States since initially found out here in 1999. This virus has not just spread through contact with mosquitoes but is also seen to have been spread by way of blood transfusions, body organ donations, breast feeding, pregnant state, as well as occupational exposure to the virus (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). In the following paragraphs, there are claims made to support the presence of the West Nile Virus all over the world. Claims Claims made in accordance to exactly how this virus is growing include that of what kinds of mosquitoes are mostly a major contributor to the transmission of the virus, the kinds of birds to blame for transporting the illness, and the local ecology as well as conducts which are having an influence on human exposures. In the content, it is stated that during the year 2003 when the West Nile Virus continued to develop eastward in the U.S. that, the Cx. tarsalis had become the most frequently reported West Nile Virus positive mosquito varieties. This specific mosquito made up thirty two per cent of the positive pool followed by the varieties of Cx. Quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens, and Cx. restuans (Hayes, Komar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). But, in 2004 when big outbreaks started to happen in the southwestern United States, the most generally West Nile Virus positive mosquito varieties reported was the Cx. quinquefasciatus, making up more than fifty percent of the positive pools, followed by Cx. Pipiens and Cx. tarsalis (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). In the following paragraphs, birds are also reported to be the most significant amplifying types of West Nile Virus. As per Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell (2005)," In laboratory studies, species in the orders of Passeriformes (song birds), Charadriiformes (shore birds), Strigiformes (owls), and Falconiformes (hawks) developed viremia levels sufficient to infect most feeding mosquitoes, whereas species of Columbiformes (pigeons), Piciformes (woodpeckers), and Anseriformes (ducks) did not.” Particular passerines, in particular common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), different corvids (crows, jays, magpies), house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were extremely contagious to mosquitoes as well as had mortality rates greater than forty per cent’ (para. 3, p. 8). One more claim made in this content is that risk factors for example local ecology as well as the conducts of human beings make it difficult for human beings not to come into contact with the West Nile Virus contaminated mosquitoes. It is stated in the following paragraphs that places which have higher and more vegetation cover, older homes, reduced human population density, a predominance of older Caucasian inhabitants, and are in vicinity to dead birds are at greater risk compared to others (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). Some other signs that can be assessed as risk factors regarding the exposure of the West Nile Virus incorporate not donning DEET containing insect repellant, not draining or keeping large bodies of water near one’s property, improperly checking blood as well as organs prior to use, and to be out between sunset and dawn (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). National or Global Perspective This informative article does incorporate a national as well as international point of view of the illness in accordance to its existence throughout the world. As Mentioned by Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell (2005), “From 1937 until 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) garnered scant medical attention as the cause of febrile illness and sporadic encephalitis in parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe’. After the surprising detection of WNV in New York City in 1999, the virus has spread dramatically westward across the United States, southward into Central America and the Caribbean, and northward into Canada, resulting in the largest epidemics of neuroinvasive WNV disease ever reported” (para. 1, p. 1). In this content, the growth of this illness all over the United States is correctly shown by making use of charts and graphs and lots of proof is furnished and can be observed to support the claims of the spreading capability of this virus. Supporting Evidence The article provides a great deal of proof with regards to supporting the reasons and causes of the West Nile Virus epidemic. In the article, per cent rates are given to identify the top carriers of the illness, charts and graphs are given to assist identify with how the illness is spreading, and experimental data in reference to the hosts of the illness is described. Together with the proof furnished in the article proof regarding the spreading and causes of the West Nile Virus can be obtained at the Center for Disease and Control Prevention website, the Medline website, the Mayo Clinic website, at the USGS website, as well as within a lot more sites. Conclusion In summary, the West Nile Virus, that was initially, found in 1937 has been established to be contracted by human beings from the bites of mosquito varieties which include the Cx. tarsalis, the Cx. pipiens, the Cx. Quinquefasciatus, the Cx. restuans, and the Cx. Erythrothorax (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). These species varieties of mosquitoes contract the virus from feeding upon birds for example sparrows, songbirds, owls, hawks, shore birds, and finches (Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, & Campbell, 2005). The West Nile Virus can be an extremely harmful and life-ending illness in case contracted due to its capability to cause meningitis or encephalitis in human beings. But, with the skills as well as knowledge of the writers Hayes, Kumar, Nasci, Montgomery, O’Leary, and Campbell one now knows how to decrease one’s possibilities of contracting this illness by making use of insect repellants which contain DEET, eliminating big bodies of water, and remaining indoors after sunset.