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Transcript
The Renaissance Background Information ► Roman Empire: Jesus? Or Jupiter? ► Began to distance themselves from old gods, old ways, old texts ► This practice spread to all of Rome’s “children” countries, to all of Europe ► Throughout the Middle Ages, many studied Latin (to study Church texts) but all the old stories and theories had been forgotten ► Aristotle’s Poetics, Sophocles’s Antigone 5 Useful Lenses Through Which To View Renaissance Art ► Classical—Art sought to associate itself with texts from classical antiquity, i.e. Sophocles ► Political—Art reflects the shifting political arena of Renaissance Europe, particularly the looming threat of invasion from the Ottoman Turks ► Humanism—Art reflects increasing belief in human intelligence and achievements ► Imitation—Art did not endeavor to create something new, but to imitate predecessors ► Reformation—Art reflects the growing religious movement known as the Reformation Classical Greece and Rome invented, philosophized, and wrote about all sorts of cool things we’d forgotten ► During the Renaissance, scholars searched for ancient texts, dusted them off, and started rediscovering ideas that had been lost for centuries ► Rome and Greece were “in” ► Therefore, allusions to Roman/Greek mythology abound in Renaissance literature ► Allusion—an indirect reference to something else ► Like an inside joke, allusions indicate that you are knowledgeable about something, that you’re “in the know,” an educated and cultured individual ► “Venus smiles not in a house of tears” —Shakespeare ► Political In the Middle Ages, most believed in the Great Chain of Being ► The hierarchy of God > King > Noble > Peasant was changing ► A new group, the “merchant class,” was on the rise ► The emergence of a new class of rich (and therefore powerful) people who weren’t nobles or churchmen challenged traditional power structures ► Like all art, Renaissance art reflects the world around it ► Several famous examples of satire emerge in this period such as Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly ► Satire—Humorous works that point out human flaws/shortcomings/errors through exaggeration ► Humanism ► ► ► ► ► ► ► The idea of a being a Renaissance Man, someone who excelled in multiple activities, stems from humanist ideals “What does it mean to be an ideal human?” “How do I lead a good life?” Humanists sought to answer these questions by looking to Greek and Roman texts Before humanism, people believed the Bible was the sole source of answers to the above questions Humanists believed the Bible was a source of answers, but believed other important answers lay in human history (i.e. Greek texts) Sought to create harmony between the Bible and classical texts Imitation ► Generally speaking, artistic communities today put an emphasis on originality, avoiding clichés ► In Renaissance Literature, the goal was not usually to create something completely new, but to imitate the classics (in a new way) ► Sometimes, this involved updating classic ideas to suit the Christian ideals of the time period ► Of Shakespeare’s 36 plays, only The Tempest is not an imitation of an older tale or historical event ► Macbeth comes from Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland Reformation ► ► ► ► ► ► The Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in the world By 1517, much corruption had developed There was still good: Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bishop Lorenzo Giustiniani disliked materialism and lived a life of poverty But many people were churchmen for the wrong reasons: to sell indulgences: “Hey! Slip me twenty bucks and God will forgive your sins!” Martin Luther made a list of things he disagreed with, like indulgences, and called them his Ninety-Five Theses Because there was no such thing as the internet, he did what anyone would do to spread information quickly: nailed them to a church door Reformation ► ► ► ► ► Luther and other Protestants wanted to take power out of the hands of the Church officials, encouraging people to interpret the Bible themselves This was quickly becoming possible because a new technology, the printing press, was allowing more people to own Bibles in their own language Helped legitimize vernacular languages (like English and Italian) Protestants realized, however, that understanding the Bible in its original context was important to truly understanding it Encouraged many to learn Greek, helping to fuel the growing fascination with Greece Renaissance Overview ► Renaissance—1485-1600ish ► Period of intellectual, scientific, and artistic growth ► English Renaissance—1558-1660 ► Period of English history in which literature and music flourished ► Means “rebirth” in French ► Return to Greek ideals and culture ► Renewed emphasis on studying human beings and human accomplishments Renaissance Timeline (1300-1500) ► ► ► ► ► ► Increased trade with Asia/Middle East creates a surplus of money in the Mediterranean Region Extra money=need to decorate your oceanfront villa with pretty things Artistic movement begins in the Florence, Tuscany (now part of Italy) 1414—A series of religious scandals culminate in the Western Schism: three men simultaneously claimed to be Pope 1453—Fall or Constantinople—Greeks flee to Europe 1492—One of the many people looking for more trade routes and more money, Columbus, “discovers” North America Renaissance Timeline (1500-1550) ► 1503—Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa ► 1513—Machiavelli writes The Prince ► 1516—Thomas More publishes Utopia ► 1517—Protestant Reformation begins: Martin Luther nails to a church door 95 ways he believes the Church needs to be fixed ► 1521—Magellan circumnavigates the globe ► 1533—Henry VIII Declares himself head of the Church of England ► 1534-1541—Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ► 1543—Copernicus publishes theory that planets orbit the sun 1550-1600 ► 1557—Tottel’s Miscellany helps to popularize sonnets in England ► 1558—Elizabeth I becomes Queen and so begins “Elizabethan Era,” or “English Renaissance” ► 1564—William Shakespeare born ► 1588—Christopher Marlowe writes Dr. Faustus ► 1590—Edmund Spenser writes The Faerie Queen ► 1599—Globe Theatre built in London 1600-1660 ► 1606—Shakespeare has published Macbeth, King Lear, and his sonnets ► 1609—Galileo is first to study the stars with a telescope ► 1611—King James Bible published, changing the English language forever ► 1658—John Milton begins Paradise Lost ► 1660—Puritans close all the theatres in London Early Modern English ► Great Vowel Shift (1450-1750) ► “Fate” “Feet” ► “Boot” “Boat” ► The Scottish accent sounds similar to English before the vowel shift ► Before Printing Press, words were generally spelled according to how they sounded ► Printing Press, The King James Bible, Shakespeare’s plays, the Book of Common Prayer all help to stabilize the spelling of words