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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY - KEY Chemistry- THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES MATTER UNDERGOES Matter- ANYTHING THAT HAS VOLUME (TAKES UP SPACE) AND MASS States of Matter: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS & PLASMA Types of Matter: Element FOUND ON THE PERIODIC TABLE Compound MADE UP OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY BONDED Mixture NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED Changes in Matter Physical Change NOTHING NEW IS MADE Chemical Change MAKING SOMETHING NEW MATTER, PHYSICAL /CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGE States of Matter: SOLID PARTICLES CLOSE AND ORGANIZED LIQUID CLOSE AND UNORGANIZED GAS FAR APART PLASMA + IONS & ELECTRONS – FAR APART DENSITY HIGH HIGH LOW LOW VOLUME DEFINITE DEFINITE HAS VOLUME OF ITS CONTAINER HAS VOLUME OF ITS CONTAINER SHAPE DEFINITE SHAPE TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER Physical Property: SOMETHING YOU CAN OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE WITHOUT CHANGING THE SUBSTANCE (EX: COLOR, FREEZE, MELT, BOIL, MASS, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, TEXTURE, SHAPE) Chemical Property: YOU MUST CHANGE THE SUBSTANCE IN ORDER TO OBSERVE THE (EX: REACTS, RUST) Examples: the pigment is blue _______PHYSICAL PROPERTY_________________________ sodium reacts violently with water___CHEMICAL PROPERTY__________________ wax melts at 82°C____ PHYSICAL PROPERTY _______________________________ iron rusts when left out in the rain_ CHEMICAL PROPERTY______________________ oil floats on water ____ PHYSICAL PROPERTY _______________________________ Physical Change: NOTHING NEW IS MADE EXAMPLE: RIP PAPER, MELT, FREEZE, BOIL, CONDENSE Chemical Change: SOMETHING NEW IS MADE EXAMPLE: “REACTS WITH”, RUST, BURN, TARNISH EVIDENCE: BUBBLES/FOAM, COLOR CHANGE, ODOR, TEMP. CHANGE, LIGHT, SMOKE Examples: CO2 is released when alka seltzer is added to water _____CHEMICAL CHANGE___________ Salt dissolving in water ____PHYSICAL CHANGE____________ Baking cookies ___ CHEMICAL CHANGE _____________ Burning coal ___ CHEMICAL CHANGE _____________ Compare & Contrast: ice and water SIMILARITY: H20 DIFFERENCES: SOLID VS. LIQUID DEFINITE SHAPE VS. SHAPE OF CONTAINER LOWER DENSITY VS. HIGHER DENSITY ORGANIZED PARTICLES VS. UNORGANIZED PARTICLES PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL Label each property below as physical (P) or chemical (C): __P___ 1. moth balls vaporize in the closet __P___ 6. Butter melts at 30°C __C___ 2. Hydrofluoric acid attacks glass __P___ 7. Sugar dissolves in water __P___ 3. Chlorine gas liquefies at -35°C __C___ 8. Paint dissolves in acetone __C___ 4. Hydrogen gas burns in chlorine gas __C___ 9. Baking soda fizzes with acid __P___ 5. Hydrogen gas pours “up” because it is lighter than air Determine whether each change below is physical (P) or chemical (C). __P___ 1. Perfume evaporating on your skin _C____ 5. Wood rotting __C___ 2. Autumn leaves changing color __P___ 6. Melting copper metal __C___ 3. Burning sugar __C___7. Baking a cake __P___ 4. Fogging a mirror with your breath __P___ 8. Slicing potatoes for fries Classify each term below as physical (P) or chemical (C). __P___ 1. Boil __P___ 6. Melt __C___ 2. Burn (combustion) __C___ 7. Bake __P___ 3. Evaporate __C___ 8. Tarnish __P___ 4. Dissolve __C___ 9. React __C___ 5. Rust __P___10. Freeze Physical/Chemical Properties/Changes CHEMISTRY: A Study of Matter © 2004, GPB 2.4 I. Fill in the Blanks __PHYSICAL__ properties can be observed without chemically changing matter. ___CHEMICAL_____ properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances. __SOLIDS___ have definite shapes and definite volumes. __LIQUIDS_____ have indefinite shapes and definite volumes. ___GASES/ PLASMA______ have indefinite shapes and indefinite volumes. __SOLIDS_______ and __LIQUIDS____ cannot be easily compressed. (squeezing particles together) __MELTING____ have a low density. II. Label these properties as chemical (C) or physical (P). Be certain to know the definition of each of these properties. _C____ combustibility _P____density __P___malleability _C____tendency to corrode __C___failure to react __P___ melting point _P____ ductility __C___ odor __P___ texture _C____ flammability III. Label these changes as chemical (C) or physical (P). __C___ digestion of food __C___ explosions __P___ getting a haircut __C___ lighting a candle __P___evaporation __C___ tarnishing silver __P___ ice cube melting __C___ formation of acid rain __P___ crushing rocks __P___ dissolving salt in water CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES OF MATTER: pure substance – MADE UP OF 1 KIND OF PARTICLE (ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS) mixture – MADE UP OF MORE THAN 1 KIND OF PARTICLE ELEMENT EX) COPPER, ZINC, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN COMPOUND EX) GLUCOSE, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, SALT MIXTURE EX) SALT WATER, DIRT, CEMENT, AIR SMALLEST PARTICLE = ATOM SMALLEST PARTICLE = MOLECULE PARTICLES ARE NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED IN THE MOLECULE, ATOMS ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED SEPARATE PARTICLES WITH A PHYSICAL CHANGE (CLUE FOR A MIXTURE) SEPARATE ATOMS IN A MOLECULE W/ A CHEMICAL CHANGE COMBINE IN ANY PROPORTION ALLOY – MELT METALS TOGETHER (EX: BRONZE, BRASS, 14 CARAT GOLD) HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE – CAN SEE DIFFERENT PARTS (EX: SALT AND PEPPER, BLOOD, MILK) HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE – CANNOT SEE DIFFERENT PARTS (EX: SALT WATER) ATOMS ARE ALWAYS IN A SPECIFIC PROPORTION SEPARATION OF COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 1. sand, salt and water PHYSICAL CHANGE (EVAPORATE AND FILTER/SIFT) 2. water and rubbing alcohol PHYSICAL CHANGE (DISTILLATION) 3. hydrogen and oxygen in water CHEMICAL CHANGE 4. salt and pepper (demonstration) PHYSICAL CHANGE 5. C from H and O in sugar (demonstration) CHEMICAL CHANGE SEPARATION OF MIXTURES (PHYSICAL CHANGES) VOCABULARY 1. filtration - ONLY WORKS ON HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES - SOLID GETS TRAPPED IN SOLID 2. crystallization - SOLID DISSOLVED IN WATER - EVAPORATE WATER - CAN BE USED FOR HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE 3. Chromatography - CHROMO = COLOR - SEPARATE COLORS - COLORS HAVE DIFFERENT DENSITIES - CAN BE USED ON HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES 4. distillation - CAN SEPARATE LIQUIDS WITH DIFFERENT BOILING POINTS COMPARE & CONTRAST: sodium (Na), sodium chloride (NaCl) and salt water (NaCl & water) SIMILARITY: Na (SODIUM) IN ALL 3 DIFFERENCES: Na IS AN ELEMENT, NaCl IS A COMPOUNT, NaCl AND WATER IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE MATTER & ENERGY Energy: ABILITY TO DO WORK OR PRODUCE HEAT potential energy: STORED ENERGY examples: FAT, FOOD, GAS, BATTERY(FOOD AND GAS – CHEMICAL – NEED TO BREAK BONDS TO GET THE ENERGY OUT) kinetic energy: ENERGY THAT’S BEING USED IN THE FORM OF MOTION/MOVEMENT examples: BITING AN APPLE, CAR MOVING, TEMPERATURE Units of Energy: JOULE (SI UNIT), CALORIE (ENGLISH SYSTEM) Temperature: MEASURE OF KINETIC ENERGY (MEASURES HOW FAST PARTICLES VIBRATE) Units: Celsius: Kelvin: Absolute zero: Law of Conservation of Energy: Law of Conservation of Matter: Example: Mg + Oxygen _____ + _____ Ash ________ a. If 10.0g of magnesium metal burns in air, and reacts with 6.6g of oxygen, what mass of ash will form? b. If 25g of magnesium metal burn in air, 41.5g of ash are formed. What mass of oxygen reacted with the magnesium? Try: Sodium (Na) reacts with potassium chloride (KCl) chloride (NaCl). Na _____ + KCl NaCl + K ______ ______ _______ to produce potassium (K) and sodium If 20g of sodium (Na) reacts with 30.g of potassium chloride (KCl) and 15g of potassium (K) are produced, find the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) also produced. KELVIN AND CELCIUS TEMPERATURE SCALES Celsius temperature scale: 0°C = WATER FREEZES 100°C = WATER BOILS **BASED AROUND WATER Kelvin temperature scale: 0 K (NO NEGATIVE #S) Absolute zero: WHERE EVERYTHING STOPS MOVING/VIBRATING COLDEST TEMPERATURE = 0 K K = ºC + 273 Make the following temperature conversions: a. 25ºC to Kelvin CK 25 + 273 = 298 K ºC = K – 273 d. 355K to Celsius KC 355 – 273 = 82 °C b. 149 ºC to Kelvin e. 408K to Celsius c. -55 ºC to Kelvin f. 135K to Celsius Temperature facts: 1. The highest recorded temperature in the world was recorded in El Azizia, Libya, in September, 1922. The recorded temperature was 136ºF, or 58ºC. Report this temperature in Kelvin. 2. The lowest recorded temperature in the world was recorded in Vostock, Antartica in July, 1983. The recorded temperature was -129ºF, or -89ºC. Report this temperature in Kelvin. ON YOUR OWN Make the following temperature conversions: a. 55ºC = _________ K e. 125ºC = __________K b. _______ K = 33ºC f. ________K = -40ºC c. _______ K = -95ºC g. 380K = __________ºC d. _______ ºC = 423 K h. 120K = _________ºC