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World War II
Chapter 35
Essential Questions
• What were the turning points of WWII?
• How did WWII affect the social, economic, and
political lives of American citizens?
Space for Time
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Pearl Harbor awakened a sleeping giant
Germany 1st, Japan 2nd strategy
US needed to retool itself for war production.
Allies must move quickly to counteract
German secret weapon developement
Japanese Internment
• War speeded assimilation of most ethnic groups, all
needed in army, factories
• Japanese-Americans (110,000) forced into internment
camps (Executive Order)
• Fear their true allegiance was to Japan, may help with
sabotage
• Proved to be unnecessary, lost rights, $, and property
• Korematsu v. US: SC states that internment was
constitutional
• 1988: US apologized, paid reparations
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
Home Front
• New Deal works projects
programs wiped out (full
employment)
• WWII cured to Great
Depression
• War Production Board:
guided industry in switch
from consumer goods to
war materials
• Prohibited to
manufacture of cars,
refrigerators, etc.
• Farmers increased
production
• Office of Price
Administration: oversaw
rationing, price controls
• War Labor Board: wage
ceilings, labor unions
• Strikes did occur, gov.
temporarily nationalized
striking facilities
War Production Board Propaganda
Calling All Women (and Mexicans)
• 15 million men, 216,000 • Women stepped into
women serve in US
factories
military
• Unlike WWI, women did
• Women’s Auxiliary
not want to leave job
Army Corps (WAACs)
force
• Mexican Immigrants
• Challenges ahead:
encouraged to cross
Suburban domesticity v.
border, help with farm
Working Woman
labor shortage
Rosie the Riviter
Wartime Migrations
• Industrial boomtowns
see population increase
• California and South
greatly aided by
wartime factories
• Roots of the Sunbelt
• 1.6 million AA follow in
WWI footsteps, leave
south for north, west
• Increase in AA in
historically white areas
causes tensions
• Responding to threat of
A. Phillip Randolph (AA
labor leader), FDR
issues order forbidding
discrimination in
workplace
• Roots of Civil Rights
Movement!!!!!!!
Wartime Migrations
• Mechanical cotton
picker solved labor
shortage in south
• American Indians leave
reservations for jobs.
• Used by army, their
native languages
became an unbreakable
code, great asset to the
Allies
• Zoot-Suite Riots:
clashes between whites
and Mexican-Americans
in California
• Race riots in Detroit
signal that US won’t
change 300 years of
hatred overnight
Wartime Migrations
African American Migrations
Zoot Suit
$$$$$$$$$
• WWII devastated world,
except US
• Doubled US GDP
• Personal income
doubled
• Once rations, price
ceilings lift, prices go up
33%
• Government heavily
orchestrates economy
• Post WWII = era of big
government spending
• New Deal + WWII =
increased welfare state
• Relationship between
gov. and universities
leads to massive
scientific breakthroughs
• Debt goes sky high,
taxes increase
National Debt
Rising Sun of Japan
• While Pearl Harbor was
bombed, Japan
simultaneously takes
Guam, Hong Kong,
Malaysia, Indonesia and
invades Philippines
• Remember
why……RESOURCES!
• Take Burma, Allies link to
China, must now fly “over
the hump” (Himalayas)
• US and Filipinos fight
bravely for months, lack
of supplies force
surrender in 1942.
• General Douglas
MacArthur “I shall
return.”
• Japanese brutal to POWs,
execute many, force to
march 80 miles (Bataan
Death March)
Japanese Empire
Japanese Cruelty
Turning Point: Midway
• Invasion of Australia
thwarted at Battle of
Coral Sea, 1942
• US intelligence learns of
Japanese intent to take
Marshall Islands (Would
allow them to bomb,
invade Hawaii)
• Surprise! We meet
Japanese fleet at Midway
• 100% carrier based
fighting
• Admiral Chester Nimitz
leads US victory, Japan
loses 4 aircraft carriers.
• Japan never able to
recover.
• Japan does hold Alaskan
Aleutian Islands, forces
US to build highway to
Alaska
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway
Island Hopping
• US strategy in Pacific: force Japanese off of
islands one at a time, back toward Japan
• Japanese held ground even when faced with
certain defeat, overwhelming numbers
• 10 Japanese die for every 1 Allied soldier
• US takes island, build airstrips and bases
overnight, began attack on next island
• US takes Guam,1944: B-29 Superbomber could
now carry destruction to Japanese mainland
Island Hopping
War in Europe
• Allies break German “Enigma” Code
• US, UK focus on freeing North Africa, succeed
in 1942
• 1942-43: USSR stops Axis advance with a
crushing win at Stalingrad. (Turning point on
Eastern Front!!)
• Stalin now began a counteroffensive push
toward Germany.
Stalingrad
Second Front
• US and UK needed to
get into Europe to help
USSR, hoping to split
the Axis forces with 2
warfronts
• Believed Italy was the
weakest point.
• General Dwight
Eisenhower given
command
• Casablanca: Allies agree
on “Unconditional
surrender” as terms of
victory (Recall to
difficulties that the
Armistice created in
WWI)
• 1943: Allies invade Italy,
Italy surrenders, but
Germans in Italy keep
fighting.
Second Front
• Fighting in Italy was
tough and slow, takes a
year to conquer Rome.
• Allies now focus on an
invasion of France
D-Day
• Tehran: 1943, FDR,
Churchill and Stalin meet
• Eisenhower will lead an
attack on Normandy on
June 6, 1944.
• Largest amphibious
invasion in history a
success.
• US and UK began to
liberate France, push
Germans back from West
while USSR pushes the
East.
FDR Elected for a 4th Term
• Republicans nominate
Thomas Dewey in 1944.
– Platform: Continue war,
create international peace
organization
• Democrats keep FDR,
worry about age – Harry
Truman picked as his VP
• FDR wins because of war
going well- 432 to 99
Guter Tag Hitler!
• Dec. 1944, USSR
penetrates East Germany
• Hitler not done, throws
all of his resources and
troops into one last
effort, Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler hits UK/US western
front at weakest point.
• Allies lose ground, but
push back in early 1945.
• USSR and US troops meet
at the Elbe River in April,
celebrate the inevitable.
• USSR wins race to Berlin,
April 30th, Hitler kills
himself
• May 7th, Germany
surrenders (VE Day)
Battle of Bulge
Soviet in Berlin
Hitler’s Finale
No 5th Term
• Franklin Roosevelt did
not see the end of the
war he commanded.
• Dies April 12th, from
brain hemorrhage.
• Harry Truman sworn in
as 33rd President.
• Nation morns their
leader of 12 years.
President Harry Truman
• Not close to FDR
• Only been to White
House once as VP
• No clue about war
plans.
Holocaust
• As USSR and US pushed
closer to Germany, the
truth about
Concentration Camps
was learned.
• 6 million Jews, 11
million total victims
• World stunned by
extent of Nazi cruelty.
Holocaust
2 Down, Japan to Go
• US subs surrounded
Japan, no resources in
• Once close enough, US
begins constant
bombing of Japanese
mainland
• Retaking the Philippines
tough, but MacArthur
keeps his promise
• Iwo Jima: taken by allies
with heavy casualties.
• Okinawa: First invasion
of Japanese homeland.
– Japanese soldiers refuse
to surrender, 50,000 US
dead.
• Japan resorts to
“kamikaze” suicide
attacks
Iwo Jima
Manhattan Project
• Potsdam Conference:
1945 meeting of Big 3
• US faced massive
casualties if they
invaded Japan.
• 1940: US began secret
project to build atomic
bomb, trying to beat
Germans
• Successful test in July,
1945
• August 6 = Hiroshima
– 100,000+ dead
• August 9 =Nagasaki
– 80,000 + dead
• August 14 = VJ Day
Atomic Bombs
Allies Triumph
• 250,000 + American
dead
• New Medical
breakthroughs: blood
transfusions, penicillin
save countless lives
• Only major participant
that didn’t see major
damage at home
• Heroes: Eisenhower,
MacArthur, George
Marshall, Nimitz, FDR
• War production =
miracle of victory
• Trend of big
government spending
will continue.
• USSR: Friend or Foe?