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Allied Powers
France
 Charles
De
Gaulle
 Led opposition
against
Germany after
they took over
France
Allied Powers
Great Britain
 Winston
Churchill
 Great orator
and leader who
kept British
citizens from
giving up
Churchill
Allied Powers
Soviet Union (Russia)
 Joseph
Stalin
 Great Purge –
killed all people
who opposed
his rule or
spoke against
Soviet Union
Stalin
Allied Powers
FDR and Harry Truman
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dies on April 12, 1945
FDR
Vice President assumes role of
President. Sees the country
through he last few months of
war – makes decision on the
atomic bomb
Axis Powers
Italy
 Benito
Mussolini
 Promised a
new Roman
Empire
Bully
Mussolini
Axis Powers
Japan
Emperor Hirohito
 Wanted full
political and
economic control
of Pacific
 Believed in
militarism and
military run
Hirohito
society

Japan
 Prime
Minister
Hideki Tojo
 Responsible
for all military
operations
during the
war
Tojo
Axis Powers
Germany
 Adolph
Hitler
 Leader of Nazi
political party
 Blamed Jews for all
of Germany’s
economic problems
 Since 1933, built up
troops in RhinelandHitler
September 1, 1939
 Germany
invades Poland after
being warned not to invade by
France and Great Britain
 Official start of World War II
Start of WW II in Europe
Polish city of Wieluń just after German
bombing,1st
of September
 In August 1939
Germany1939
and the
Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact.
 In September 1939 Germany
invaded Poland
 France and Britain (Poland’s allies)
declared war on Germany.
 The Nazis succeeded in a “blitzkrieg”
of Poland and quickly continued to
move west.
Early Battles of WW II
German
 Next, France fell to the Nazis
troops
in 1940.
enter Paris
 Throughout 1940-41, Germany
June 14,
attacked
Britain
with
bombing
1940
raids, but the Royal Air Force
withstood the attacks, and
Hitler never invaded Britain.
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”

1.
2.
3.
Many ISOLATIONISTS in the
U.S. opposed getting involved
in Europe because
WWI had caused financial debt
Many believed that the
manufacturers only wanted war
to profit economically
Death from WWI was still fresh
in people’s memories
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”
 The
U.S. declared official
neutrality, however, after
Poland fell, Congress allowed
“cash-and-carry”:
The U.S. would sell arms to the
Allies if they paid in cash and
carried the goods away on their
own ships
+
=
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”
After
France fell, FDR
transferred 50 WWI
destroyers to Britain in
return for the use of bases
in Newfoundland and the
Caribbean.
“Destroyers for bases”
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”
 While
Britain suffered from the
Nazi air raids night and day in
1940, Congress passed the
first peacetime draft in U.S.
History
 After FDR was re-elected to a
third term, he urged Congress
to provide more direct aid to the
Allied nations.
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”
Congress
passed the
Lend Lease Act in 1941,
which provided the Allies
with weapons and supplies
on credit.
 FDR said it was like “lending a
garden-hose to a next-door neighbor
whose house was on fire.”
U.S. “NEUTRALITY”
•
•
To make sure the Allied
countries received the supplies,
the U.S. Navy protected
American merchant ships, and
eventually, merchant ships
were armed.
By the fall of 1941, ships were
instructed to “shoot on sight”
any German submarine
Japanese aggression
In
1937Japan invaded
China and Manchuria
WHY? RESOURCES!
The U.S. placed an
embargo on oil & steel to
Japan.
Japanese aggression
Japan
and the U.S.
attempted to negotiate, but
Japan refused to withdraw
from China.
Japan attacked the naval
base at Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
Japanese aggression
infamy
• FDR said this was “a
date
that
FDR
will live in infamy.” signing the
• The attack on Pearldeclaration
Harbor
caused the U.S. to declare
war
of war with
on Japan on December
8,
1941
Japan
• Soon, Germany and Italy
declared war on the U.S.
U.S. preparation for war
Government
rationed
some products.
U.S. preparation for war
War bonds & income
taxes funded the war.
U.S. preparation for war
Factories
made
war-time products.
U.S. preparation for war
Selective service (draft)
put more men
in the army.
Building Morale
Government
censored
the media.
Ad campaigns and
patriotic movies and
newsreels kept up
public morale.
Newsreel
Minorities in WWII
African-Americans
fought in segregated
units, like the
Tuskegee Airmen.
Tuskeegee
Minorities in WWII
Japanese-Americans
fought in segregated
Nisei Regiments.
Nisei
Minorities in WWII
Mexican-Americans
fought in integrated
units.
Minorities in WWII
Code Talkers
Native
American
Navajo Code-Talkers
tricked the Japanese.
HOW?
 The
Japanese could not figure out the
messages because Navajo is a
language, not a code.
Minorities
had many
casualties & won many
medals.
African-Americans and
women moved to
northern cities to work in
factories.
Minorities in WWII
Rosie the Riveter
War Strategies--AXIS
 In
1941,Germany turned
against the U.S.S.R., who had
been an ally before.
 Germany hoped to use
blitzkrieg (lightning war) to
defeat the U.S.S.R. & Britain
before the U.S. could get
organized.
War Strategies--AXIS
Japan
hoped to
conquer so much
land that the U.S.
would be scared to
fight.
War Strategies--ALLIES
“defeat Hitler first”
before dealing with
Japan
Defeat him first!
When the U.S. entered
the war this was the deal
FDR made with Churchill

War Strategies--ALLIES
In
the Pacific, the U.S.
went “island hopping,”
conquering one small
island after another on
the way to Japan.
First Major Allied Victory
 In
North Africa, the
Germans wanted
Middle Eastern oil
and control of the
Suez Canal.
 The British
defeated them at
El Alamein in
1942.
El Alamein
Turning Points
 The
Allies invaded
Normandy on the French
coast
 D-Day, Normandy
June 6, 1944.
 Allies pushed west through
France until they reached
Germany in 1945.
D-Day
Turning Points
 Soviets
defeated Germans at
Stalingrad after a long siege July
17, 1942-January 31, 1943.
 The Germans were forced to
Stalingrad
retreat west
from the USSR, and
they were being pushed east out
of the Mediterranean at the
same time by the Allies.
Turning Points
Midway
was the first U.S.
defeat of Japan in the
Midway
Pacific in 1942.
This battle started the
“island-hopping”
campaign.
Turning
Points
 The U.S. won bloody battles
for Iwo Jima & Okinawa in
Okinawa
1945 as they
Iwoapproached
Jima
the Japanese mainland.
 Many Japanese pilots
committed suicide by
kamikaze attacks during
these battles.
End of WWII
Hitler
shot himself, and
Germany surrendered.
V-E Day: May 8, 1945
End of WWII
U.S.
dropped two atomic
bombs over Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in Japan on Aug.
6 and 9.
V-J Day: Aug. 15, 1945
Results
of the War
Japanese Internment
 Out
of fear that Japanese in
America were spies they were
sent to camps.
 In 1942 FDR issued
Executive Order 9066 which
ordered the internment of over
110,000 Japanese-Americans
Internment
Japanese Internment
 Many
lost property & money
and faced prejudice.
 The Supreme Court upheld
the internment in
Korematsu v. U.S.
 The U.S. has since
apologized and provided
compensation
The
Geneva
Convention set the
standards for
international law for
humanitarian concerns.
Bataan
Death March
killed many U.S. POWs
in the Philippines as
their Japanese captors
moved them from one
camp to another
Hitler’s
Targeted
Final Solution
Jews, Gypsies,
Genocide:
Poles, Slavs, and
“undesirables” (mentally ill,
systematic
killing
of
homosexuals, and political
adissidents).
particular group
 About12 million were killed.
of people
Path to Genocide
Nuremberg
Trials Nazi
leaders were
convicted of war crimes.
This increased the desire
for a Jewish homeland,
Israel
Israel, which was
established in 1948.