* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Άλλα Ονόματα Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Τόπος και Χρόνος
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Rome (TV series) wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
History of the Roman Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Kingdom of Pontus wikipedia , lookup
Roman command structure during First Mithridatic War wikipedia , lookup
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Για παραπομπή : Συγγραφή : Keaveney Arthur Keaveney Arthur , "Lucullus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10154> Lucullus Περίληψη : Lucullus was a Roman general and politician. He served as governor of Cilicia and Asia (74 BC) as well as governor of Pontus and Bithynia (74-67 BC). In 59 B.C. Lucullus withdrew from the political scene. Άλλα Ονόματα Lucius Licinius Lucullus Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 118 or 117 BC Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου mid December 57 / mid January 56 BC Κύρια Ιδιότητα Roman general and statesman 1. Birth – Family - Education Lucius Licinius Lucullus was born either in 118 or 117 B.C. to a plebian family. His first known ancestor was L. Licinius Lucullus who was an aedile in 202 B.C. His grandfather, L. Licinius Lucullus, was the first member of the family to reach the consulship (151 B.C.) and thus confer nobility on the family. He gained an bad reputation for his conduct of war in Spain. His son L. Licinius Lucullus was praetor in 104 B.C. and he too had a dubious reputation because of his conduct in the second Sicilian slave war. As a young man, Lucullus himself devoted a good deal of time to forensic oratory but his ultimate goal was a military career. 2. Private and Family Life Somewhere between 76 and 74 B.C. Lucullus married Claudia from the family of the Claudii Pulchri. The marriage was not happy and ended in a divorce on the grounds of the wife’s incest. A second marriage to Servillia (in the 60’s B.C.), niece of Cato, was equally unhappy and also ended in a divorce. 3. Career Lucullus started his military service in 89 B.C. as a tribune during the social war. In the next year (88 B.C.) he became quaestor to Sulla and was the only officer not to desert him when he marched to Rome. Then the pair set off to prosecute the First Mithridatic War. Lucullus was first put in charge of finances but then was despatched to Africa and Asia Minor in order to raise a fleet for Sulla (86-85 B.C.). When Sulla departed for Rome in 84 B.C., Lucullus remained in Asia as quaestor to Sulla's successor Licinius Murena. The main task of Lucullus was to collect the indemnity which Sulla had imposed on the Asiatics in punishment for taking the side of Mithridates VI. On his return to Rome, Lucullus became aedile for 79 B.C. The very next year (78), he became praetor. This was a signal honour because normally two years had to elapse between offices. The governorship of Africa then followed and after that the consulship of 74 B.C. The year of Lucullus consulship also saw the beginning of the Third Mithridatic War and, by skillful political manoeuvres, he obtained the provinces of Asia and Cilicia and with them the command against the king. His first act on reaching Asia was to free his colleague Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/5/2017 Σελίδα 1/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Για παραπομπή : Συγγραφή : Keaveney Arthur Keaveney Arthur , "Lucullus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10154> Lucullus C. Aurelius Cotta (consul 74 B.C.) from a siege at Chalcedon in Bithynia (Üskudar) by Mithridates VI. The king then put Cyzicus (Kapidagi) under siege but was in turn besieged by Lucullus who forced him to flee early in 73 B.C. The remaining Pontic garrisons were cleared from Asia and the grip of the Pontic navy on the Aegean was broken. The invasion of the Kingdom of Pontus then followed. The year 72 B.C. was spent in pursuing Mithridates and although Lucullus managed to inflict a defeat on him at Cabira in Pontus (Niksar) the king proved elusive finally taking refuge (71 B.C.) with his son-in-law Tigranes I of Armenia. Most of 70 B.C. was taken up by Lucullus’ administration of Asia. He levied taxes to pay for the province’s defence but more notably took several steps to relieve the debt crisis of the cities. To meet the financial penalties Sulla imposed on them, these cities had borrowed heavily and were now in debt to the Roman publicans (moneylenders). The measures taken by Lucullus were salutary and the debt was cleared within four years. In 69 B.C., when Tigranes would not yield Mithridates, Lucullus invaded Armenia and destroyed its capital Tigranocerta (Sivan). The following year witnessed the beginning of Lucullus’ downfall. His refoms in Asia had alienated the publicans and they now contrived to have Asia and Cilicia removed from his command.1 Nevertheless, Lucullus soldiered on in Armenia only to witness a resurgence in the fortunes of Mithridates and the beginning of mutinies of his own soldiers army who resented the long campaigns. Mithridates defeated Lucullus’ legate at Zela in 67 B.C. and handed him over to A. Glaibro through the lex Gabinia. A full-scale mutiny followed in 67 B.C. and at the same time the remaining provinces of Lucullus, Bithynia and Pontus, were taken away from him. Finally, the lex Manilia of 66 B.C. deprived him of his command and handed it over to Pompey. He spent the next three years (66-63 B.C.) outside of Rome awaiting a triumph which the machinations of a tribune deprived him of. This period of inactivity seems to have led to a radical reappraisal of his position. 4. Ideology From the very start of his career, Lucullus could be described as a Sullan fan and became a staunch defender of the system the dictator had established. This was the core of his political beliefs. By this time, however, the Sullan system had failed and this, together with the personal inactivity mentioned above, made Lucullus to scale down the extent of his involvement in politics. 2 He still made significant interventions as, for instance in 60 B.C., when he helped block the ratification of Pompey’s eastern arrangements, or attempted unsuccessfully in 59 B.C. to block the legislative programme of Julius Caesar. A good deal of his time was, however, dedicated to building and lavishly adorning a series of villas where he was said to dine on a sumptuous scale. 3 5. Death Lucullus died sometime between December 57 and January 56 B.C., possibly as a result of Alzheimer’s disease. 6. Evaluation and Judgements Lucullus’ contemporaries viewed him as a fine soldier who in later life had become a fatty degenerate, wasting his time in idling and trifling. He was not, of course, the only one to behave thus and fall under this opprobium which is rooted in the Roman character. In essence, the Romans, a practical people, thought in terms of the utility of a building and held non-practical adornments in suspicion. This tendency was further reinforced by their habitual viewing of luxury in moralising terms. Once fixed this viewpoint prevailed through antiquity. After that Lucullus tends to be somewhat neglected standing, as he does in the shadow of such figures as Caesar and Pompey but the pejorative view does persist in such expressions as ‘Lucullan banquets’ and in some modern historians. The most recent scholarship is more sympathetic and sees in Lucullus’ building activities the result of a genuine aesthetic impulse. In general, the verdict on Lucullus must be a mixed one. He is acknowledged to be a great soldier who nevertheless failed to bring his most important campaign to a successful conclusion. As a politician he can be regarded as equally unsuccessful. Having failed to defend the Sullan constitution he chose to play a secondary role in the political life of his time. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/5/2017 Σελίδα 2/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Για παραπομπή : Συγγραφή : Keaveney Arthur Keaveney Arthur , "Lucullus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10154> Lucullus 1. According to Kallet-Marx, the public complaints against Lucullus were for his needless prolonging of the war to satisfy his private greed for power and booty. In addition, he proposes that by making Cilicia consular, the aim of the senate was not to deprive Lucullus of his power but to give a more firm administration to the province, since Lucullus was in Armenia. Kallet-Marx, R., Hegemony to Empire. The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Hellenistic Culture and Society 15 (1996) pp.313-315. Contra Keaveney, A., Lucullus – a Life (London 1992) pp.120-122. 2. Hillman, T.P., “When did Lucullus retire ?”, Historia 42 (1993) pp.211-228. 3. Broise, H., Jolivet, V., Recherches sur les jardins de Lucullus, in L’Urbs. Espace urbain et histoire. 1 er s. av. J. C. – 3 em s. ap. J. C. Actes du colloque International, Rome, 8-12 mai 1985 (Rome 1987) pp.747-761. Kaster, G., Die Gärten des Lucullus. Entwicklung und Bedeutung der Bebauung des Pincio – Hügels in Rom (Diss. Techische Universität München 1974). Jolivet, V., Broise, H., “Des jardins de Lucullus au Palais des Pincii. Recherches de l’Ecole française de Rome sur le versant ccidental du Pincio”, RA (1994) pp.188-198. Βιβλιογραφία : Kallet-Marx R., Hegemony to Empire. The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Berkeley 1995, Hellenistic Culture and Society 15 Keaveney A.C., Lucullus. A Life, London – New York 1992 Gruen E.S., The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, California 1974 Antonelli G., Lucullo, Rome 1989 Appian, Roman History: The Mithridatic Wars 2, H. White (ed.), The Mithridatic Wars, The Loeb Classical Library, London – New York 1912 Ballesteros-Pastor L., "La relación de Lúculo con los Partos durante la tercera guerra mithridática", Blázquez, J.M. (ed.), Aspectos de la Sociedad Romana del Bajo imperio en las cartas de San Jeronimo. Homenaje al Profesor Presedo, Sevilla 1994, Filosofia y Letras, 121-129 Cicero, Academica, Rackham H. (ed.), The Loeb Classical Library, London – Cambridge, Massachusetts 1956 Eckhardt K., "Die armeinischen Feldzüge des Lukullus I", Klio, 9, 1909, 400-412 Eckhardt K., "Die armeinischen Feldzüge des Lukullus II, III", Klio, 10, 1910, 72-115, 192-231 Hillman T.P., "The alleged inimicitiae of Pompeius and Lucullus 78-74", CPh, 86, 1991, 315-318 Hillman T.P., "Hodie apud Lucullum Pompeius cenat. Neglected history at Plutarch, Lucullus 41.4-7", Deroux, C. (ed.), Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History 7, Brussels 1994, 190-201 Jolivet V., "Xerxes Togatus: Lucullus en Campanie", MEFRA, 99.2, 1987, 875-904 Gelzer Μ., "Lucius Licinius Lucullus", RE 8.1, 376-414 Tatum W.J., "Lucullus and Clodius at Nisibis. Plutarch, Lucullus 33-34", Athenaeum, 79, 1991, 569-579 Van Ooteghem J., Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Brussels 1959 Hillman T.P., "When did Lucullus retire?", Historia, 42, 1993, 211-228 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/5/2017 Σελίδα 3/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Για παραπομπή : Συγγραφή : Keaveney Arthur Keaveney Arthur , "Lucullus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10154> Lucullus Kaster G., Die Gärten des Lucullus. Entwicklung und Bedeutung der Bebauung des Pincio - Hügels in Rom, München (Diss. Technische Universitä) 1974 Jolivet V., Broise H, "Des jardins de Lucullus au Palais des Pincii. Recherches de l’Ecole francaise de Rome sur le versant occidental du Pincio", RA, 1994, 188-198 Jolivet V., Broise H, "Recherches sur les jardins de Lucullus, in L’Urbs. Espace urbain et histoire. 1er s. av. J. C. - 3em s. ap. J. C.,", Actes du colloque International, Rome, 8-12 Μai 1985, Rome 1987, 747-761 Δικτυογραφία : Plutarch • Life of Lucullus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html Γλωσσάριo : agoranomos, the Civil official responsible for the maintenance of the market and the price balance of foods. consul, -lis An official of the Roman state. In the period of the Republic, it was the highest military and political office: two consuls were elected each year. The consular office survived into the Imperial period (and further into the early Byzantine period), becoming a honorary post. lex Manilia A law passed in Rome in 66 B.C., on the initiative of Gaius Manilius. The law mandated that Pompey took command of the war against Mithridates instead of Lucullus. praetor Political and juridical magistrate of the Roman Republic and the late Roman Empire. The title was originally borne by two magistrates who were chosen annually to serve as eponymous heads of the state, but the number of praetors increased within the years. The title was retained with intervals in the Early Byzantine Period. The office appeared again in the mid-9th cent. and denoted the governor of an administration unit of the empire. Hierarchically, the praetor was inferior to the strategos of the theme. triumph The organising of festivities in Constantinople in order to celebrate the return of the emperor (or a military commander) from a victorious expedition. It included a military parade, lead by the emperor and his generals, followed by prisoners and plunder brought back from occupied territories, as well as games at the Hippodrome. The people of the capital (mainly the demes) usually participated in overwhelming numbers and with great enthusiasm. Πηγές Plutarch, Lucullus Χρονολόγιο 118 (possibly 117) BC: Lucullus was born. 89 BC: Military tribune. 88-80 BC: Quaestor. 79 BC: Aedile. 78 BC: Praetor. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/5/2017 Σελίδα 4/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Για παραπομπή : Συγγραφή : Keaveney Arthur Keaveney Arthur , "Lucullus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10154> Lucullus 77 BC: Governor of Africa. 74 BC: Consul, governor Cilicia. 74-67 BC: Command of the war against Mithridates VI with command of the Roman provinces of Cilicia, Asia, Pontus and Bithynia. 66 BC: He returns to Rome. 63 BC: He holds a triumph. 63–59 BC: Limited political activity in Rome. 59 BC: He retires from all political activities. Mid. December 57– mid January 56 BC: Lucullus dies. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/5/2017 Σελίδα 5/5