* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Civil_War_Presentation
Kentucky in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Perryville wikipedia , lookup
Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Appomattox Station wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Donelson wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Port Royal wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Fort Fisher wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Lexington wikipedia , lookup
Red River Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Chancellorsville wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Roanoke Island wikipedia , lookup
Second Battle of Corinth wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Malvern Hill wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
Anaconda Plan wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fredericksburg wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Harpers Ferry wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Cedar Creek wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Shiloh wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Antietam wikipedia , lookup
Maryland Campaign wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
I can • Describe how President Buchanan viewed the slavery issue • Describe the Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. Sandford • Analyze the impact of the Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. Sandford • Describe the election of 1858 • Explain the impact of Harpers Ferry President Buchanan • Inaugurated March 1857, man of compromise • Deep divisions existed in the country over the issue of slavery • Referred to the Race Problem as a problem of the past – Claimed that America’s belief in democracy and compromise had won • Anticipated the decision of the Supreme Court on Dred Scott v. Sandford would end the race issue Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) • Background – Dred Scott • Slave held by John Emerson and Army surgeon from Missouri • Scott accompanied Emerson to many Army posts in the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin Territory • Missouri Courts had granted freedom to slaves that had lived in free territory after their owner died • 1846 Emerson died • Scott sues for his freedom Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) • Supreme Court Case • Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote the majority opinion – Scott was not a citizen so he could not bring suit in a US Court – Called African Americans “beings of an inferior order” – “No rights which the white man was bound to respect” – No African American Slave or Free could EVER enjoy the rights of a US citizen – Federal Government had no authority to limit the expansion of slavery • Missouri Compromise violated the 5th Amendment and was unconstitutional • Forbids the government to deny anyone’s right to property without “due process of law”, slaves are property Question • What did the Kansas Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision have in common? – Spread slavery – Increased tensions between the North and the South Congressional Election 1858 Candidates • Abraham Lincoln – Illinois – Republican – Served 1 term in the House of Representatives – Returned to Springfield, Illinois to practice law – Outraged by the Kansas Nebraska Act – Outraged by Dred Scott decision – Viewed slavery as a “moral, social, and political wrong” – “A house divided against itself cannot stand” Bible – “I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided” Congressional Election 1858 Candidates • Stephen Douglas – – – – Democrat Incumbent Lawyer Author Kansas Nebraska Act, supported Popular Sovereignty Plan • Opposed Lecompton Constitution – – – – – Illinois Supreme Court for 7 years 1843 elected US House of Representatives Known as “Little Giant” powerful speaker 1846 elected US Senate Freeport Doctrine • Defense of Popular Sovereignty • People had the right to have or exclude slavery not the courts • People could pass laws preventing or allowing slavery • Defeated Lincoln in the election of 1858 John Brown – Harpers Ferry • Leader Pottawatomie Massacre • Oct 16, 1859 attacked Harpers Ferry – Obtained money and support from New Englanders – Armed 20 men including 5 African Americans – Took over the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA • Wanted to arm slaves and free blacks • Wanted them to help free other slaves • Established independent state in the Appalachian Mountains – Took over the armory easily – No slaves came to get weapons Harpers Ferry • Mid Oct 1859 COL Robert E. Lee assaulted Brown’s position – Brown’s party, 10 KIA, 10 POW – December 2, 1859 Brown was convicted of “murder, criminal conspiracy and treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia” and was hanged • 6 of his followers were also executed • African American James Copeland wrote to his parents as he faced death that he had no regrets – “Remember that if I must die I die in trying to liberate a few of my poor and oppressed people from my condition of servitude… I imagine that I hear you, and all of you, mother, father, sister, and brothers, say – “No, there is not a cause for which we, with less sorrow, could see you die” • North viewed those who died as martyr’s or “angel’s of light” • South viewed them as bloodthirsty fanatics – “The north has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, treason… and has shed Southern blood on Southern soil! There is – there can be no peace”! Tension Increase • Tensions increased around the country due to John Brown and even in Congress – Senator James Hammond of South Carolina noted that “The only persons who do not have a revolver and a knife are those who have two revolvers” I can • Describe the election of 1860 • Evaluate the impact of the election of 1860 on the country • Define succession • Explain how both the north and south responded to succession • Analyze why to Confederacy was created • Describe the Crittenden Compromise • Evaluate the impact of President Lincoln rejecting the Crittenden Compromise • Describe the battle of Fort Sumter Election 1860 -Candidates • John Bell – Constitutional Union Party • Southern Moderates – Tennessee • Democratic Party had to hold two conventions to decide on a nominee • Stephen Douglas – Democrat • John Brekinridge – – – – Democrat Vice President Preferred by Southerners Interpreted Dred Scott case as Congress has a duty to protect slavery • Abraham Lincoln – – – – – Republican Party Attracted north industrialists and wage earners along with Midwest farmers Did not campaign in the south Anti-slavery Won Election 1860 • Brekinridge won all of the lower south • Bell upper south • Douglas – Second in popular vote – Won only Missouri and New Jersey • Lincoln – All northern states and Oregon and California – 40% popular vote – Landslide electoral college 180 votes Secession • Days after the election South Carolina legislature called a convention and voted unanimously to leave the union • Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas followed soon after • 1861 delegates from 6 of the 7 states met in Montgomery, Alabama and drafted the constitution of the Confederate States of America – Resembled United States Constitution – 2 Differences • Guaranteed the right to own slaves • Each state “Sovereign and independent” – Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederacy Secession • President Buchanan announced that no state had the right to secede, but that the government had no power to hold a state against its will • South justified position by the Doctrine of State’s Rights – Since individual states had come together to join a union they had the power to leave a union • North – By ratifying Constitution the state agreed to recognize it as the supreme law of the land – There can be no nation if a state can withdraw whenever it disagrees with the government President Lincoln takes office • Called special session of Congress and argued that the south must accept the election • “When ballots have fairly, and constitutionally, decided… there can be no successful appeal back to bullets” • Inaugural address insisted that the southern secession was unconstitutional “No state upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the union” – Wanted to hold the union together Crittenden Compromise • Senator John J. Crittenden – Kentucky – Proposed December 1860 – Called for a new line similar to Missouri Compromise to be drawn through remaining territories – Called for the protection of slavery where it already exists – President Lincoln rejected plan • However supported protecting slavery wherever it already existed Civil War Begins • Confederacy immediately took over many federal forts, mints, and arsenals in the south after the secession • Fort Sumter – Located strategically in the harbor Charleston, South Carolina • South needed it to control the city – Commanded by Major Robert Anderson • Sent word to President Lincoln that he needed supplies • North did not want to lose this fort – Would show that President Lincoln would not protect federal property in the seceded states – 8 slave states remained in the union threatened to leave if President Lincoln used force against the Confederacy – Lincoln decided to re-supply Fort Sumter Fort Sumter Battle of Fort Sumter • 6 APR 1861 President Lincoln sent a message to South Carolina Governor F. W. Pickens that unarmed supply ships were heading to the fort not to attack them • Governor Pickens told his commander General Beauregard • General Beauregard ordered the federal troops to leave the fort • 4:30 AM 12 APR General Beauregard attacked with artillery – 34 hours of straight artillery • 13 APR MAJ Anderson surrendered • Nobody was killed Results Fort Sumter • 15 APR President Lincoln announced the rebellion “too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceeding” – Called for the states to provide 75,000 Soldiers to put down the uprising – Recruits were to serve just 3 months • Result 4 more states seceded – Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia • Four Slave states remained – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri • Federal troops used to secure Maryland essential surrounded Capital Washington • Mountain men in Virginia remained loyal to union – Formed own state West Virginia » Slavery legal I can • Analyze the concept of civil war • Describe the First Battle of Bull Run • Explain the Anaconda Plan and north’s three part strategy of fighting the war • Explain the south’s strategy of fighting the war • Compare the northern and southern strategies and armies • Compare the role that women played in the north and south during the Civil War • Analyze the anti-war movement • Describe the creation of the draft in the north and the south Discussion • What is a Civil War? – War inside a country • What causes Civil Wars in the world? – Genocide – Hatred – Deep disagreements – Deep religious divisions – Deep cultural barriers • Why is Civil War more destructive than regular war? – Entire war is fought in the country – Families fight each other – All casualties are part of the population Nation Divided • Brothers on opposite sides • Families split • Senator John Crittenden – 1 Son Union General – 1 son Confederate General North • Population Advantage • Controlled 85% of industry and material resources – Most southern wealth was land and slaves • Railroads north – Easy to move troops • Navy remained loyal to Union – Southern naval officers fought for the north • David Farragut • Percival Drayton South • Defensive War, did not have to win just tire the North • North needed to conquer 750,000 square miles • Excellent military leaders – Robert Lee • • • • • • • • Virginia Opposed slavery Opposed succession Would not fight his family West Point Mexican War Asked to be union commander, declined “With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State – with the sincere hope that my poor service may never be needed – I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword” Armies • Union – – – – Army 2,672,341 Navy Marines 105,963 Indians 3,530 African Americans 180,000 – Total 2,961,834 • Confederacy – Army 750,000 – Indians 5,500 – Total 755,500 First Battle of Bull Run • Called Battle of Manassas by South • 21 JUL 1861 • President Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell and 35,000 poorly trained troops to take Richmond, VA • 35,000 Confederate troops met them at Manassas Junction railroad crossing 30 miles outside of Washington • Confederates commanded by General Joseph Johnston – Dug-in high ground behind Bull Run • Union was winning started to push through the Confederate left flank • Stopped by General Thomas Stonewall Jackson • General Jackson counterattacked – Yelling “who-who-ey!” – Called Rebel Yell – Scared the union Soldiers Retreated • Confederate Victory – Both sides realized it would be a long war North • President Lincoln appoints General George B McClellan Commander of Union Forces • Primary goal restore the union • 3 Part Strategy – Capture Richmond, Confederate capital – Gain control of Mississippi River – Anaconda Plan • Naval Blockade of South • Slowly squeeze life out of the south • South depended on foreign markets to sell cotton France, Britain North Strategy • 2 Theaters – Eastern • East of Appalachian Mountains – Western • Between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River • Control of Mississippi River important would allow the north to penetrate the deep south • Prevent South from using waterway to move and re-supply its force South • President Jefferson Davis appoints General Joseph Johnston commander of the Army of Confederate Army with General Robert Lee as his advisor • Defense • Occupy Washington • Offensive strike northward through Shenandoah Valley into Maryland and Pennsylvania – Would destroy northern moral – Win European Support (France, Britain) Both Armies • Shortages – – – – Clothing Food Rifles No uniforms at beginning • Regular cloths • Who is on what side? • Neighbors fighting! – North • Blue – South • Gray • Lacked – Shoes – Coats • Camps • Unsanitary • Disease • Influenza • Pneumonia • Typhoid • Little food • Medical Care • Surgery • No pain killers • Often people died infection • Death causes • 65% of soldiers died from • Disease • Infection • Malnutrition Both Armies • Prisons – Overcrowded – No shelter – Little Food – Death rate 100 per day – 25% of prisoners died Women - North • North – – – – – – 100,000 jobs Factory Workers Farmers Arsenals Sewing Rooms Clerks in Treasury Department • Governments first female workers – – – – – Bankers Morticians Saloon Keepers Steamboat Captains Ladies Aid Societies • Made bandages • Bedclothes • Shirts for Soldiers Women - North • Freedman’s Aid Commission – Hundred of teacher educated African Americans • Locally – Established homes for wounded Soldiers – Orphanages children • Spies – Mary Elizabeth Bowser – Worked as maid to President Davis • Nurses – Elizabeth Blackwell • 1st Female Doctor • Founded US Sanitary Commission – Battle disease and infections that killed 2x more Soldiers than bullets – Clara Barton • Nurse • After war created American Red Cross • Disguised as men served Women - South • • • • Parades Barbecues Urged men to join military Spies – Rose O’Neal Greenhow • Imprisoned • Disguised Female Soldiers – Loreta Janeta Velazquez • Discovered kicked out • Became a spies • Nurses – Sally Louisa Tompkins • Only Female Officially in Confederate Army • Made Captain, founded a hospital in Richmond, VA • Nurse Opposition to War • North – Cost too much money – Costs too many lives • South – No real opposition movement North – Draft Created • Militia Act 1862 – State had to meet quota for volunteers or was subject to draft • Enrollment Act 1863 – State quota – State did not meet quota draft • 20 to 45 years old • $300 avoid draft – Find a substitute to avoid draft • Opposition to draft – Caused violence in New York – Forced white working class men to fight for freedom of blacks who they thought would take their jobs – Whites attacked black neighborhoods • Killed blacks • Looted • Burned buildings North – Rights in Wartime • Copperheads – Southern sympathizers – Anti-war activities limited to speeches and newspaper articles • President Lincoln suspended some civil liberties – Constitution right of habeas corpus • Protection against unlawful imprisonment • Thousands of copperheads and opponents of the war arrested and held without trial South - Draft • Conscription – 1862 – First Draft in American History – Placed burden of the war on poor farmers and working people – Exemptions • Large plantation owners who had led the Confederacy into war • Rich mans war poor mans fight – Southerners believed draft violated states rights and freedom • Allowed Soldiers to pay farmers prices below market value for food, animals and property – Angered small farmers – Food Shortage – Riots Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina I can • Describe the early stages of the Civil War, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of New Orleans and the Eastern Campaigns Early War • 1862 Confederacy won most major battles in the East • Union 4 Generals in 1 year • War in the West – North • General Ulysses S. Grant – West Theater Commander • Feb 1862 captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson – Gave union control of Kentucky and Tennessee Battle of Shiloh • Spring 1862, Grant headed toward Mississippi – His men rested in a small log church named Shiloh and waited for reinforcements • Confederate Generals Johnston and Beauregard nearby in Corinth, Mississippi • Grant did not expect an attack • 6 APR1862 thousands of Confederate troops surprised Grant • Confederates pushed Grant back to Tennessee River • Confederate commanders planned to finish him in the morning • Grant attacked first – Sunrise 7 April • Afternoon General Beauregard gave retreat – Union KIA 13,000 – Confederacy KIA 10,000 including General Johnston – Union army too weak to purse the confederates • Result victory gave north control of upper Mississippi Battle of Shiloh Battle of New Orleans • • • • New Orleans largest city in south Critical April 1862 David Farragut (Navy CDR) – Attacked 2 forts guarding approach to New Orleans from Gulf of Mexico – Shelled forts for 6 days • Unsuccessful – 24 April, decided to try and sail past them at night • Confederate forces – – – – – – • Opened fire Launched artillery Pushed rafts on fire toward ships 200 KIA Union 4 ships killed 13 made it Union – 29 APR – City forced to surrender • Results – Control of Mississippi – Link-up union forces – Denied south • • Supply Took largest city – South moral down Eastern Campaigns – North • General McClellan – Very Cautious – Afraid – Men well trained – Plan to take Richmond • Peninsula Campaign – Transport » 100,000 men » 300 cannons » 25,000 animals » All by water to peninsula between York and James Rivers – Hit Richmond from southeast Eastern Campaign – North – continued • April 1862 – General McClellan arrived in Yorktown, VA – President Lincoln told General McClellan to attack – General McClellan refused • Thought he was outnumbered • Was not – Confederacy • General Magruder – 13,000 troops • General Johnston moved his troops to peninsula • General Magruder held Yorktown until beginning of May • General Johnston moved back to Richmond – General McClellan followed General Johnston Eastern Campaign - continued • 31 May 1862 Battle of Seven Pines – General Johnston WIA – General Lee took over, pulled back • Confederate Army almost destroyed • General McClellan waited • General Lee attacked – 25 JUN – 1 JUL – Union KIA 16,000 – Confederate KIA – 20,000 – South victorious – General McClellan retreated Eastern Campaign - Results • President Lincoln removed General McClellan • General Pope new union commander • Second Battle Bull Run – General Pope was defeated by General Lee • President Lincoln fired General Pope • General McClellan in command of union again I can • • • • Describe the Battle of Antietam Analyze the impact of the Battle of Antietam Analyze the Emancipation Proclamation Describe the role of African Americans in the northern army Battle of Antietam • Sep 1862 General Lee crossed Potomac River into Maryland 55,000 men • General Lee 5,000 KIA due to exhaustion and hunger • Union lost track of General Lee Forces • 2 Union Soldiers found Intel. on General Lee’s plan around a discarded pack of cigars • General McClellan planned defense – 75,000 Troops – Antietam Creek Maryland – Bloodiest single day battle in US History • Confederates KIA 13,000 • Union 12,000 • • • • General McClellan failed to pursue Confederates into VA General McClellan fired Result South lost any hope of British support Result President Lincoln big victory able to give Emancipation Proclamation Antietam - results • After Antietam General McClellan fired for letting Lee escape • General Burnside replaced as commander • African American Armed Services Act 1862 – Authorized blacks to join military Emancipation Proclamation • • • • Issued 22 Sep 1862 Went into effect 1 Jan 1863 President Lincoln goal unite union, not free all slaves “My paramount object in the struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery” • Free slaves only in Confederate States – All territories rebelling against US • • • • • • Lacked Constitutional Authority to end slavery Emancipation Proclamation issued as military order Did not end slavery in states that were part on union Wanted slaves to revolt Wanted blacks to join union army Wanted south to take financial hit African American - North • 54th Massachusetts Infantry • Key role in Battle of Charleston Harbor – BG Seymour • 6,000 troops frontal assault Fort Wagner – Entrance to Charleston Harbor – 54th Infantry led » First major role of a black unit » Heavy losses » Led by COL Shaw JUL 18 » Took fort • • • • • • • • Inequality of pay for black and white Soldiers Congress finally equalized pay scale JUN 1864 Black units commanded by White Officers 100 African American commissioned as junior officers 1865 Martin Delaney first African American promoted to Major 180,000 African Americans served 32,000 KIA 20+ Congressional Medal of Honor I can • Describe the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg • Analyze the Gettysburg Address Fredericksburg • General Burnside – – – – 11-12 DEC 1862 moved toward Fredericksburg 114,000 Union troops Crossed Rappahannock (rap-a-han-unk) River near Fredericksburg, VA Was in range of General Lee’s Artillery, however he did not know it • General Lee – 75,000 troops – Controlled hills above town – Did not fire • General Burnside – 13 DEC Decided to try a frontal assault across field leading into town – Did not want to look reluctant like General McClellan • General Lee – Took advantage of high ground – Picked off Burnsides men • Slaughter – Union 12,000 KIA – Confederacy 5,000 KIA • General Burnside Fired • General Joseph Hooker “Fighting Joe” took Command Chancellorsville • General Hooker – 134,000 troops – New strategy , break Eastern Army in 3 parts • • Cut off supply lines Attack on both flanks – 30 April 1863 positioned his men in the deep forest near Chancellorsville – Outnumbered Confederacy 2 to 1 • General Lee – Also divided troops • • • Left many camp fires burning in Fredericksburg to make Hooker think his army was still there Sent General Jackson and 30,000 through wilderness to outflank Hooker Hooker and Jackson’s forces fought outside of Fredericksburg – Hooker retreated to build a defense – Jackson did not attack • Hooker got Intel that Jackson was moving through the woods – Thought he was retreating – In reality Lee had divided his army again to attack the Union right flank • General Lee and Jackson attack union from 2 sides – Fighting temporarily stopped at night • General Stonewall Jackson left to scout the union position killed by fratricide on his way back – – • Hit in the arm by 2 bullets and had his arm amputated Died of infection 8 days later General Stuart took command of Jackson’s army and attacked again in the morning • General Hooker retreated Gettysburg • General Lee – Very confident after victory at Chancellorsville – Decided to invade the North • • • • Too much of the south was being destroyed Overconfident about victory Needed to seize supplies for his army Thought a big victory in the north would end the war – JUN 1863 moved into PA with 75,000 troops • President Lincoln ordered General Hooker to attack – General Hooker thought he was outnumbered – General Hooker Fired – General Meade took command Gettysburg • JUN General Lee arrived outside of Gettysburg • Scouts found large amount of shoes in Gettysburg • General Lee sent a unit into the town – Did not know 2 Union Brigades were in the hills northwest of Gettysburg • Day 1 of the battle begins – Union opens fire on confederates – Confederates push Union back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge – Confederates take control of Seminary Ridge • Small ridgeline – Several hundreds of yards of fields between the ridges • Day 2 – General Lee orders General Longstreet to attack the union left flank • Longstreet delays attack until 4pm because he was not ready • General Meade (N) brings up reinforcements – Both Armies realize that Little Round Top is not occupied • • • • Col. Chamberlain (N) takes little Round Top with 350 Soldiers from Maine Longstreet and Alabama Soldiers tried to the hill Col. Chamberlain runs out of ammunition then orders a bayonet charge South retreats Gettysburg Gettysburg Gettysburg • Day 3 – Confederates attack the north of the Union line, unsuccessful – General Lee prepares to sends General Picket on a frontal assault on Cemetery Ridge • South begins firing artillery, north thinks south might be retreating • Union artillery stops firing to save ammunition – General Lee thinks the union artillery is destroyed • Orders Pickett’s Charge, frontal assault on the Union line • Northern artillery begins to fire • ½ Confederate Soldiers Survive video – General Lee retreats – General Meade does not follow due to bad weather • Union again could have won the war but failed to counterattack • Bloodiest battle of the war – Union 23,000 KIA – Confederacy 20,000 KIA Gettysburg Address • 19 NOV 1863 • President Lincoln dedicated a cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield • Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. • But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. I can • Describe how the war changed in both the eastern and western theaters • Analyze the impact of the Battle of Petersburg • Describe General Sherman’s concept of Total War • Analyze the impact of total war on the nation • Analyze how the war effected the election of 1863 • List the south’s terms of surrender • Evaluate whether or not the purpose of the Civil War was achieved Western Theater • Vicksburg was key to controlling Mississippi River – Town had high ground on both sides of the river – Could attack elements on the river using artillery • Battle of Jackson – Town nearby Vicksburg – General Grant Victorious • Siege of Vicksburg – – – – 6 weeks bombarded town Prevented them from getting supplies Confederates forced to eat rats and mules Late June Confederates sent a letter to their commander begging him to surrender – 3 JUL 1863 General Grant met General Pemberton and Confederates surrendered next day Western Theater • Battle of Port Hudson, Louisiana – 8 JUL – Union Victory • Union now controlled the entire Mississippi cutting Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas off from the rest of the Confederacy • General Grant becomes commander of Union Army Eastern Theater • General Grant tells President Lincoln he will take Richmond • War of attrition – Attack and Attack and Attack – Keep fighting until the south is out of men and supplies • May 1864 General Grant starts toward Richmond 122,000 troops • Contact Chancellorsville, VA – 66,000 confederates against 122,000 Union – 18,000 Union KIA – 10,000 Confederate KIA • Union Pushed on • Spotsylvania Court House, VA – 10-19 May many small battles – Heavy union losses continue – Southern remarked, “We have met a man this time, who either does not know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army” Petersburg • General Grant attacked Petersburg, VA – Tried to capture railroad to cut off supplies to Richmond – General Grant started to get discouraged • Since beginning of campaign union suffered 60,000 KIA – Decided to lay siege to Petersburg instead of direct attack General Sherman – Western Theater • General Sherman put in-charge of Tennessee Army – Campaign of destruction • • • • • • Destroyed Railroads Destroyed Farms Destroyed Crops Burned Cities Killed animals Not enough to wage war against enemy troops must strike at enemy’s economic resources • General Sherman, “We must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war… We cannot change the hearts of those people of the South but we can make war so terrible… that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it” – Moved toward Atlanta • • • • • On the way Defeated General Johnston Defeated General Hood Atlanta fell 2 Sep 1864 General Sherman ordered occupants out Burned city General Sherman – Total War Election 1863 • Election of 1863 – President Lincoln (R) – General McClellan (D) – Victory over Atlanta helped Lincoln win election General Sherman – Western Theater • General Sherman Continued – Took Savannah, GA – Wave of destruction • • • • General Sherman moved north toward Richmond General Grant already attacking Richmond 2 April 1865 General Lee withdrew from city Union Captured Richmond Surrender • General Lee – – – – Force destroyed Only 30,000 men left Short on food Attempted to move west • General Grant cut off General Lee’s escape • 9 April 1865 – General Lee surrender to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse – Terms of surrender • • • • Officers could keep side arms All men would be fed All men could keep their horses and mules No men would be tried for treason Surrender • 26 April 1865 – General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina – War was over Discussion • What was the purpose of the Civil War? • Did the war accomplish its purpose? • Does war ever really accomplish its purpose or is it a means to accomplish a purpose? • When should war be used?