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Brinkmanship Brinkmanship Brinkmanship Brinkmanship Kong rides the bomb This policy rested on the threat of massive retaliation, including nuclear weapons Brinkmanship Pushing to the brink of war, but stopping just before it broke out “Mutually assured destruction” Arms Race Arms Race After WWII, U.S. and Soviet Union are superpowers Arms Race For nearly 50 years, they compete to build the largest and best equipped military forces CIA (these guys actually British…but cooler) CIA Central Intelligence Agency They gathered strategic information about the Soviet Union CIA They also were used to pursue Eisenhower’s Cold War goals Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev Became the Soviet leader after Stalin’s death Nikita Khrushchev Video Stunned political observers by accusing Joseph Stalin of having committed many ruthless crimes Began warmer relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union U2 incident U2 incident U2 incident May 1960 an American U2 was shot down over the Soviet Union U2 incident Video The pilot, Gary Powers, was captured and admitted to being a spy Cooled the relationship between the U.S. and Soviet Union Joseph McCarthy Joseph McCarthy Video 8 min Joseph McCarthy A U.S. Senator from Wisconsin who fueled speculation that communist spies and sympathizers were everywhere Joseph McCarthy Stated that he had a list of known Communists who worked in the State Department House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) A House of Representatives committee that was formed in 1938 House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) Video Investigated groups and activities that threatened the freedoms of Americans Was a key player in the second Red Scare Lost some creditability after Senator McCarthy was discredited Venona Papers Venona Papers Venona Papers Venona was a top secret code breaking project in the 1940s It’s findings revealed extensive Soviet espionage in the United States Hollywood Ten Hollywood Ten Hollywood Ten A group of ten Hollywood directors and writers who went to jail rather than answer questions from the House Un-American Activities Committee This was part of the 2nd Red Scare Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Video Two Americans who were convicted of providing the Soviet Union with atomicenergy secrets Both were executed in 1953 Internal Security Act Internal Security Act Required communist party members and organizations to register with the federal government Billy Graham Attracted huge crowds during the 1950s Billy Graham Preaching against communism Warned of the danger of a nuclear war and urged Americans to turn to God Caused a rapid growth in church memberships In God We Trust In God We Trust In God We Trust President Eisenhower signs a law declaring "In God We Trust" to be the nation's official motto after groups pushed to have the phrase "under God" inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance. The first paper money with the phrase "In God We Trust" was not printed until 1957. Sputnik Sputnik Sputnik Sputnik Reaction – 8 min Launched October 4, 1957 The name of the first satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union National Defense Education Act National Defense Education Act National Defense Education Act The National Defense Education Act (NDEA), signed into law on September 2, 1958, and provided funding to United States education institutions at all levels The NDEA was influenced by the Soviet launch of Sputnik The launch shook the American belief that the U.S. was superior in math and science to all other countries. NASA NASA NASA An agency created to promote United States space technology GI Bill of Rights GI Bill of Rights Provided pensions and government loans to help veterans start businesses and buy homes or farms GI Bill of Rights Also gave money to veterans to attend college or technical school Effects of prosperity Effects of prosperity Effects of prosperity By the end of the 1950s, the average American family had twice as much income to spend than the average family of the 1920s Rising income, easy credit, and aggressive marketing helped create a “culture of consumption” during the 1950s. E PLURIBUS UNUM E PLURIBUS UNUM E PLURIBUS UNUM E pluribus unum is the motto suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4, 1776 to design "a seal for the United States of America.“ Out of Many, One First appeared on coins in 1795 Dixiecrats Dixiecrats The nickname of the States Rights’ Party Dixiecrats Formed by southern state delegates that were upset about a civil rights platform by the Democrats Called for continued segregation Highway Act Highway Act Passed in 1956 Contributed to the growth of suburbs Highway Act Expanded the highway system, allowing people to more easily commute to jobs in the city Originally set up to allow the military to move quickly across the country Baby boom Baby boom An era following World War II that saw a 90% increase in the number of babies born Baby boom This created a large bulge in the population and millions of new consumers. Vaccination Vaccination Vaccination Video On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio. This disease was finally eradicated from most of the world by the invention of the polio vaccine. Rock n’ Roll Rock n’ Roll Evolved in 1950’s from rhythm and blues, AfricanAmerican gospel, country, and jazz. Rock n’ Roll Video Electric guitars, amplifiers, and youth oriented lyrics Spread U.S. culture across the world. Elvis Presley Elvis Presley Emerged as rock’s leading talent Elvis Presley Ed Sullivan Show Became known as the King of Rock ‘n’ Roll Global Diffusion Global Diffusion Elvis became an international star and American culture spread as a result. Global Diffusion Televisions and American-made films are also examples of global diffusion of American culture through the entertainment industry. Beats A small, but influential, group of writers and poets Beats Challenged both literary conventions of the day and the lifestyles of the middle class General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO) Signed in 1946 and lasted until 1993, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995
