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FOH 10, Ancient Mesopotamia Name: 1. What does the name “Mesopotamia” mean? What language does this come from? Why is this name appropriate for this region? 2. In ancient times, what did people living in this part of the world call it? What other names or terms do Podony and McGee use to describe this area? Where would you go today to look for ruins of this ancient civilization? 3. What should we know about the climate and geography of ancient Mesopotamia? Be sure to explain the significance of each characteristic. 4. What does Mr. Butler mean by “geopolitics”? 5. Using colored pencils or highlighters, mark the following features on the map that follows the reading in FOH 10. bodies of water: Euphrates and Tigris Rivers; the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea regions: Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria city-states: Ur, Nippur, Babylon --> You should be able to identify these features on a blank map. 6. Make a list of the various groups of people living in ancient Mesopotamia (during different historical periods), as mentioned in our sources. - Try to list them in order of their appearance in the history of this region. - Can you relate any of these groups to places on your map of Mesopotamia? - Were they settled or nomadic peoples? Put an asterisk (*) next to settled peoples. - What language(s) did they speak? Were those languages related to any others? 7. Define each of these terms. Find examples of each from the reading. definition examples city-state civilization empire dynasty How is an empire different from a civilization? How is an empire different from a city-state? 8. Pick one of the major empires described in FOH 10. Complete the table with relevant details, including the approximate timeframe. Follow the example provided. name of empire and approx. timeframe Akkadian (c. 2350 - 2250 BCE) how / by whom it was established how it was maintained what led to its downfall While Sumerians were busy fighting each other for control of holy city of Nippur, Sargon and other speakers of Akkadian (nomads from the north) gradually infiltrated the city-states of Sumer. Once they understood how civilization worked, they killed the king and seized control. Sargon appointed governors and deployed garrisons to keep the peace in the cities under his control. (Subject cities would have to pay tribute -- or some part of local surplus -- to stay in good favor.) If cities rebelled, he would have their protective walls torn down and take hostages (to scare them into obedience). Sargon extended his reach and proclaimed himself "King of the Four Quarters" (of the known world). Sargon's grandson, Naramsin, made the mistake of looting and desecrating Nippur. This angered the native Sumerians (who spoke another language, and had their own gods and cultural practices). They revolted and the Akkadians began to lose control. Nomads (the Gutians) took advantage of this situation and invaded, destroying Agade, the capital, and bringing an end to the empire. Babylonian First Assyrian Second Assyrian NeoBabylonian 9. Be sure you can define key terms that recur in these histories of empire-building: governor garrison mercenary public works projects tribute Other terms that are new to you? 10. What other power(s) from outside this region eventually took over ancient Mesopotamia? When did this happen?