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NAME: Period: Biology 11 – BACTERIA QUIZ MULTIPLE CHOICE (3) 1) Prokaryotes: a) Have linear DNA b) Have a membrane bound nucleus c) Have a complex cell wall d) Reproduce through mitosis 2) All members of Archaea are: a) Parasitic b) Most closely related to Bacteria c) Pathogenic d) Anaerobic 3) In Gram staining, if some bacteria retain the crystal violet stain after alcohol treatment, then the species is: a) Gram negative b) Gram positive c) Procedure is incomplete d) None of the above FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 4) All bacteria can be divided into two groups called (3): Group 1: Gram positive Group 2: Gram negative These groups are based on: Cell wall structure 5) Name the SHAPE of each of the following samples of bacteria (3): a. coccii/coccus b. bacilli/bacillus c. spirilli/spirillum 6) Name the type of motility that each of the above bacteria would use (3): a. flagella/flagellum b. Flagella/Gliding c. Spiraling SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CHOOSE ONE) (3) 7) Name the five different ways that bacteria reproduce. What is the significance of bacteria being able to reproduce in so many ways? - asexual: binary fission, budding, sporulation - sexual: conjugation through plasmid transfer or gene transfer - Being able to reproduce in so many ways is an evolutionary adaptation that has allowed bacteria to thrive in many different environments 8) Name and describe ONE of the three different mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance? - Mutation: Antibiotics bind to enzymes involved in DNA replication to stop bacterial reproduction. Resistance can happen through a mutation in a gene that causes the enzyme structure to change so that the antibiotic can no longer bind and the bacteria can reproduce in the presence of the antibiotic. - Destruction/Inactivation: Resistance can happen through the production of enzymes that destroy or inactivate the antibiotic before it reaches the site of action. - Efflux: Resistance can happen through the production of efflux pumps that pumps the antibiotic out of the cell before it reaches the site of action. 9) Explain TWO reasons for why antibiotic resistance is a much more pressing concern today than in the past? - Pharmaceutical companies are no longer producing new antibiotics to fight the bacteria strains that have become resistant to the current antibiotics. This is because it is very costly and time consuming to produce them and there is a low return on the investments as people only take antibiotics for a few weeks and bacteria acquire resistance very quickly. - Antibiotic resistance is no longer a local problem as resistant bacteria have spread globally through people travelling around the world. BONUS: 10) When do bacteria turn to sporulation to reproduce and why? (2) Sporulation is an adaptation for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions. That is, when bacteria find themselves at risk of dying in unfavorable conditions, they form a dehydrated spore covered by a rigid coat that is able to survive in the harsh environment and can become active when nutrients become available.