Download Logical Fallacies Chart APLAC TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE 1

Logical Fallacies Chart
APLAC
TERM
1. Dicto
Simpliciter
(Sweeping
generalization;
Stereotyping)
2. Hasty
Generalization
3. Post hoc, ergo
propter hoc
4. Contradictory
Premises
5. Ad
Misericordiam
(appeal for
sympathy)
6. False analogy
7. Hypothesis
contrary to fact
8. Poisoning the
well
DEFINITION
Argument based on unqualified
generalization
Argument based on limited or
biased sample to reach
conclusion; leads to faulty
conclusion
Assumes A caused B simply
because A happened prior to B.
Often superstitions arise from
Post hoc logic.
The two premises contradict;
therefore, the logic is faulty;
This fallacy's most popular
appearance is in the form of a
challenging question, because
questions with contradictory
premises are such brain
teasers.
Someone tries to win support
for their argument or idea by
exploiting her or his
opponent's feelings of pity or
guilt.
In false analogies, though A and
B may be similar in one respect
(such as color) they may not
both share property X (e.g.
size).
This fallacy consists of offering
a poorly supported claim about
what might have happened in
the past or future if
circumstances or conditions
were other than they actually
were or are. The fallacy also
involves treating hypothetical
situations as if they were fact.
Where adverse information
about a target is preemptively
presented to an audience, with
the intention of discrediting or
ridiculing everything that the
target person is about to say.
EXAMPLE
9. Equivocation
(Circular Logic)
Using the same term with
different meanings
10. Non sequitur
(“it does not
follow”)
The conclusion does not follow
the argument; missing step: no
direct relationship
11. Begging the
question
Assumes that something is true
when it is in need of proof
12. Ignoring the
question (red
herring)
Ignores the real issue by the
use of distracting information
13. Faulty
dilemma
(either/or
reasoning)
14. Ad hominem
(to the person)
All options are not taken into
account in the solution posed
by the major premise.
ignores the real issue by
turning attention to an
individual; occurs in the midst
of an argument.
Logical Structures
15. Syllogism
16. Enthymeme
Formal logical reasoning
method containing 3 parts: 1
major premise, 1 minor
premise, and a conclusion.
Each part must be categorical.
All A are B, All C are A,
therefore all C are B.
Syllogisms use careful diction
and syntax.
A “truncated syllogism” since
either the major or minor
premise of a syllogism is left
implied; informal logic.
All humans are mortal,
Socrates is human,
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in
the past.
Major premise omitted: Those who perjure themselves
cannot be trusted.