On Reasons to Live Justifiably: In Support of a Humean
... rightly because she has a reason to live with others on justifiable terms, I argue that this answer is unsatisfying according to Scanlon’s own criteria of success. However, by utilizing others of his arguments, I also am able to show that he could accept (and I think should accept) the ‘complex’ vie ...
... rightly because she has a reason to live with others on justifiable terms, I argue that this answer is unsatisfying according to Scanlon’s own criteria of success. However, by utilizing others of his arguments, I also am able to show that he could accept (and I think should accept) the ‘complex’ vie ...
Logic in Nonmonotonic Reasoning
... the database, its negation is assumed to hold. The same principle has been employed in programming languages for AI such as Prolog and Planner. Thus, in Prolog, the goal not G succeeds if the attempt to find a proof of G using the program rules as axioms fails. Prolog’s negation is a nonmonotonic op ...
... the database, its negation is assumed to hold. The same principle has been employed in programming languages for AI such as Prolog and Planner. Thus, in Prolog, the goal not G succeeds if the attempt to find a proof of G using the program rules as axioms fails. Prolog’s negation is a nonmonotonic op ...
Justifying Underlying Desires for Argument
... mechanisms to select or combine a part of given goals or proposals using Dung’s acceptability semantics [6] or dialogical status assignment [7] in order to address their individual problems on negotiation. However, determining agent’s underlying desires behind the given goals or proposals, or revisi ...
... mechanisms to select or combine a part of given goals or proposals using Dung’s acceptability semantics [6] or dialogical status assignment [7] in order to address their individual problems on negotiation. However, determining agent’s underlying desires behind the given goals or proposals, or revisi ...
Logical fallacy
... beautiful women, draped across the dashing red sports car... there is no logical connection between the two, but the advertiser would like to imply a premise that there is. If the advertiser came out and said "Buy this car and you will have more sexual satisfaction" it might be easier to reject as a ...
... beautiful women, draped across the dashing red sports car... there is no logical connection between the two, but the advertiser would like to imply a premise that there is. If the advertiser came out and said "Buy this car and you will have more sexual satisfaction" it might be easier to reject as a ...
Argumentations and logic
... proved to be true is known to be true by those persons who have proved it to be true. Every proposition known to be true is really true. There is no such thing as "a proof having a false conclusion" or "a proof whose conclusion is not known to be true". Just as "known to be true" makes tacit referen ...
... proved to be true is known to be true by those persons who have proved it to be true. Every proposition known to be true is really true. There is no such thing as "a proof having a false conclusion" or "a proof whose conclusion is not known to be true". Just as "known to be true" makes tacit referen ...
Plausibility structures for default reasoning
... not be satisfied are known (e.g. when using defaults for expressing expected results of indeterministic actions, a common application of default reasoning). However, against the main traditions in default reasoning, the inference by plausibility defined in [4, 5] must satisfy a special case of the r ...
... not be satisfied are known (e.g. when using defaults for expressing expected results of indeterministic actions, a common application of default reasoning). However, against the main traditions in default reasoning, the inference by plausibility defined in [4, 5] must satisfy a special case of the r ...
The Inaugural Address AUTONOMY: THE EMPEROR`S NEW
... Determinations of the will are a promising focus for an account of reasons for action. Since any principle, rule, law or plan that is or could be adopted as a determination of the will must have propositional structure and content, it will be apt for reasoned assessment. Moreover, reasoned assessmen ...
... Determinations of the will are a promising focus for an account of reasons for action. Since any principle, rule, law or plan that is or could be adopted as a determination of the will must have propositional structure and content, it will be apt for reasoned assessment. Moreover, reasoned assessmen ...
A Logical Framework for Default Reasoning
... facts known to be true, and a pool of possible hypotheses, to find an explanation which is a set of instances of possible hypotheses used to predict the expected observations (i.e., together with the facts implies the observations) and is consistent with the facts (i.e., does not predict anything kn ...
... facts known to be true, and a pool of possible hypotheses, to find an explanation which is a set of instances of possible hypotheses used to predict the expected observations (i.e., together with the facts implies the observations) and is consistent with the facts (i.e., does not predict anything kn ...
Nonmonotonic Reasoning - Computer Science Department
... outstrip all previously existing developments and present many new challenges which require non-traditional logics tailored to computer science. New problems suggested by computer science and artificial intelligence have led to an unprecedented multiplicity of intellectual challenges. As a result the ...
... outstrip all previously existing developments and present many new challenges which require non-traditional logics tailored to computer science. New problems suggested by computer science and artificial intelligence have led to an unprecedented multiplicity of intellectual challenges. As a result the ...
Argument construction and reinstatement in logics for
... Arguments based on ordered theories, such as those depicted in the Tweety and Nixon examples, can conflict with one another; and it is at first tempting to think of two arguments as conflicting just in case they contain complementary literals as conclusions. This notion of conflict fails to account, ...
... Arguments based on ordered theories, such as those depicted in the Tweety and Nixon examples, can conflict with one another; and it is at first tempting to think of two arguments as conflicting just in case they contain complementary literals as conclusions. This notion of conflict fails to account, ...
this PDF file
... much as it embodies our receptivity towards the answers coming from those who generate our passions in life. What is interesting, however, in Garver's analysis is the link he establishes between emotions and motion, confirming the fact that the trigger of Aristotle's whole endeavour was to explain m ...
... much as it embodies our receptivity towards the answers coming from those who generate our passions in life. What is interesting, however, in Garver's analysis is the link he establishes between emotions and motion, confirming the fact that the trigger of Aristotle's whole endeavour was to explain m ...
P,Q
... Clear communication of logical arguments in any area of study. Discovery and elucidation, through proofs, of interesting new mathematical theorems. Theorem-proving has applications in program verification, computer security, automated reasoning systems, etc. Proving a theorem allows us to re ...
... Clear communication of logical arguments in any area of study. Discovery and elucidation, through proofs, of interesting new mathematical theorems. Theorem-proving has applications in program verification, computer security, automated reasoning systems, etc. Proving a theorem allows us to re ...
Scepticism with regard to Reason* David Owen, University of
... sceptical tradition of ancient times, rediscovered in the 16th and 17th centuries, and transformed beyond all recognition by Descartes.9 I know of no clear, unequivocal antecedents to either of Hume’s negative arguments, but there are some suggestive similarities. In the Principles, Descartes says “ ...
... sceptical tradition of ancient times, rediscovered in the 16th and 17th centuries, and transformed beyond all recognition by Descartes.9 I know of no clear, unequivocal antecedents to either of Hume’s negative arguments, but there are some suggestive similarities. In the Principles, Descartes says “ ...
Giambattista Vico`s Idea Of "Progress": The Collapse Of Reason
... that is slowly and consciously recognized by man through time, while reason itself, at the same time, pushes man forward to realize it. Vico subscribed to the concept of reason as a force that pushed man forward, causing him to progress. But where he disagreed with others is where Vico saw reason l ...
... that is slowly and consciously recognized by man through time, while reason itself, at the same time, pushes man forward to realize it. Vico subscribed to the concept of reason as a force that pushed man forward, causing him to progress. But where he disagreed with others is where Vico saw reason l ...
A Logical Expression of Reasoning
... It is the way of preference to prejudice, fanaticism, dogmatism, patriotism and other isms of the like. It is not solved by the mere change of premises, which may just switch from one ism to another. The rather radical, though appropriate, solution is to take into consideration all looking reasonabl ...
... It is the way of preference to prejudice, fanaticism, dogmatism, patriotism and other isms of the like. It is not solved by the mere change of premises, which may just switch from one ism to another. The rather radical, though appropriate, solution is to take into consideration all looking reasonabl ...
An argumentation framework in default logic
... to earlier approaches to formalize so-called nonmonotonic reasoning, in which conclusions can be invalidated by adding new information to the premises. This kind of reasoning is motivated by the fact that in real life people do not always have sufficient information to make a safe step towards the c ...
... to earlier approaches to formalize so-called nonmonotonic reasoning, in which conclusions can be invalidated by adding new information to the premises. This kind of reasoning is motivated by the fact that in real life people do not always have sufficient information to make a safe step towards the c ...
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
... In other words, it tells us that if we accept as true a number of propositions — called premisses — which match certain patterns, we can deduce that some further proposition is true — this is called the conclusion. Thus we saw that from two propositions with the forms α → β and α we can deduce β. Th ...
... In other words, it tells us that if we accept as true a number of propositions — called premisses — which match certain patterns, we can deduce that some further proposition is true — this is called the conclusion. Thus we saw that from two propositions with the forms α → β and α we can deduce β. Th ...
relevant reasoning as the logical basis of
... learning engines of large-scale knowledge-based systems. To make the current knowledge-based systems more powerful and flexible, we have to solve this problem from both theoretical and practical aspects. This paper proposes that relevant reasoning based on paradox-free relevant logics should be take ...
... learning engines of large-scale knowledge-based systems. To make the current knowledge-based systems more powerful and flexible, we have to solve this problem from both theoretical and practical aspects. This paper proposes that relevant reasoning based on paradox-free relevant logics should be take ...
`Against Hirose`s Argument for Saving the Greater Number`
... method itself does succeed in doing so, I contend, Hirose fails to show that we have reason to adopt it – thus to be moved by his argument overall. In order to see how he sets forth premise (1) without relying on aggregation, consider first the following two non-aggregative principles for value judg ...
... method itself does succeed in doing so, I contend, Hirose fails to show that we have reason to adopt it – thus to be moved by his argument overall. In order to see how he sets forth premise (1) without relying on aggregation, consider first the following two non-aggregative principles for value judg ...
Propositional Logic and Methods of Inference
... (2) IF the battery is good THEN there is electricity (3) IF there is electricity and the sparkplugs are good THEN the sparkplugs will fire (4) IF the sparkplugs fire and there is gas THEN the engine will run (5) IF the engine runs and there are good tires THEN the car will move ...
... (2) IF the battery is good THEN there is electricity (3) IF there is electricity and the sparkplugs are good THEN the sparkplugs will fire (4) IF the sparkplugs fire and there is gas THEN the engine will run (5) IF the engine runs and there are good tires THEN the car will move ...
Overview - Course Materials
... We will see this again and again in the Grounding. We will not be able to derive universal laws applicable to all rational beings from the empirical world. This is the mistake the Kant sees in a number of ethical philosophers that proceeded him, many of whom argued (a la Hobbes) that humans are inhe ...
... We will see this again and again in the Grounding. We will not be able to derive universal laws applicable to all rational beings from the empirical world. This is the mistake the Kant sees in a number of ethical philosophers that proceeded him, many of whom argued (a la Hobbes) that humans are inhe ...
Immanuel Kant-Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals
... principle of utility, nor on a law of nature, but on human reason. According to Kant, reason tells us what we ought to do, and when we obey our own reason, only then are we truly free. ...
... principle of utility, nor on a law of nature, but on human reason. According to Kant, reason tells us what we ought to do, and when we obey our own reason, only then are we truly free. ...
6 S Being and Being Grounded
... without reason.11 While Leibniz seems to think that the principle of sufficient reason, together with the principle of contradiction, holds for all true propositions, he distinguishes the scope of what depends upon it from the scope of what depends upon the principle of contradiction. Thus, in The P ...
... without reason.11 While Leibniz seems to think that the principle of sufficient reason, together with the principle of contradiction, holds for all true propositions, he distinguishes the scope of what depends upon it from the scope of what depends upon the principle of contradiction. Thus, in The P ...
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Framework and Frontiers
... By problem-independent, we mean that descriptions in the representation must be able to support, by themselves, a variety of tasks. Suppose we had a collection of physical parts, such as a Lego or Erector set, which can be used to build a variety of physical objects. A good problem-independent repre ...
... By problem-independent, we mean that descriptions in the representation must be able to support, by themselves, a variety of tasks. Suppose we had a collection of physical parts, such as a Lego or Erector set, which can be used to build a variety of physical objects. A good problem-independent repre ...
CS389L: Automated Logical Reasoning Lecture 1
... Formulas F1 and F2 are equivalent (written F1 ⇔ F2 ) iff for all interpretations I , I |= F1 ↔ F2 F1 ⇔ F2 iff F1 ↔ F2 is valid ...
... Formulas F1 and F2 are equivalent (written F1 ⇔ F2 ) iff for all interpretations I , I |= F1 ↔ F2 F1 ⇔ F2 iff F1 ↔ F2 is valid ...
Reason
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.The concept of reason is sometimes referred to as rationality and sometimes as discursive reason, in opposition to intuitive reason.Reason or ""reasoning"" is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Reason, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea. For example, it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect, truth and falsehood, and what is good or bad. It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and institutions, and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination.In contrast to reason as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event, phenomenon or behaviour. The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason through argument.Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason, e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged, and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw. The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally. Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason.