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Reproduction
Part 1
Reproduction
Reproduction and development are necessary for the continuation of any
species. Every organism requires a set of coded instructions (their
chromosomes) for specifying it’s traits. For offspring (children) to
resemble their parents there must be a reliable way to transfer the
information on the chromosomes from one generation to the next. This
may be accomplished by asexual reproduction (one parent) or sexual
reproduction (two parents). Hereditary information is contained in the
genes, located in the chromosomes in each cell.
I. Types of reproduction:
_______________ reproduction (without sex)
1. Only ____________ parent.
2. No ____________ (joining together) of cells or cell
nuclei.
3. No special reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or organs
involved.
4. The two cells produced are ______________ to each
other and _____________ to the parent cells.
5. Another name for asexual reproduction is
_____________.
 In cloning a somatic cell (body cell) is used to create a
genetically identical organism.
The first successful
cloning of a
mammal occurred
in 1996 at the
Roslin Institute in
Scotland
2. An egg cell is
taken from an
adult female
sheep
7.The embryo
develops
normally into a
lamb- Dolly
1. A donor cell is taken
from a sheep’s udder
4.These two cells are fused
using and electric shock
3.The nucleus of
the egg cell is
removed
6.The embryo is
placed in the
uterus of a foster
mother
5.The fused
cell begins
dividing
normally
__________________reproduction.
1. ________________ parents are involved.
2. ________________ (joining together) of two nuclei
from specialized sex cells which are produced by two
separate parents (for example the fusion of egg and
sperm cells to produce an embryo)
3. Special reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or organs
(ovaries and testes) are involved.
4. The offspring ______________ characteristics of
both parents, and this allows for ____________ in
the offspring
II. Mitotic Cell Division- This process is used for two
purposes:
1. Reproduction in one-celled organisms.
2. Repair and ____________ of body (somatic) cells in
multicellular organisms.
 Mitotic Cell Division involves two steps:
1. ______________ - complex changes in the
____________ involving ____________ of the
chromosomes and separation of these chromosomes
into two _____________ sets (nuclei)
2. ____________ ____________
division -
the separation of
____________ which occurs during or at the end
of mitosis, resulting in the formation of _________
_____________ ___________ each containing a
nucleus with an ______________ set of
_____________.
InterphaseChromosomes
are replicating
Parent Cell
Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes. Nuclear envelope
disappears
Chromosomes align at the
equatorial plate
Sister chromosome separate.
Centomeres divide
Chromatin expands.
Cytoplasm divides
Two daughter cells
 Mitosis is divided into stages or ____________.
1. ____________- ____________ of chromosomes,
chromatids are attached at the _____________ in the
center of the doubled chromosome.
DNA is packed with proteins
to form chromatin
Two
chromatids
Chromosome
Centomere
2. ____________ - Centrioles (animal cells)
separate,____________ form, nucleolus disappears,
the __________ __________ begins to disappear,
chromatids shorten and thicken.
3. ____________- chromosomes __________ (meet)
on the equatorial plane, centromere replicates.
4. __________- daughter chromosomes move to
opposite ____________ (away).
5. ____________- chromosomes ____________ back
to chromatin, spindle fibers ____________, nuclear
membrane forms, cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) (in
plants cells, cell plate forms).
AS A RESULT OF MITOTIC CELL DIVISION,TWO IDENTICAL
DAUGHTER CELLS ARE PRODUCED. THEY ARE IDENTICAL TO
EACH EACH OTHER AND TO THE PARENT CELL!
46
46
46
This diagram shows a human cell that has
undergone Mitosis. Notice that two cells are
produced. Each has 46 chromosomes and are
identical to the parent cell.
 Plant Cell Mitosis:
1. Mitosis in Plants occurs in developing seeds and in
growing regions of roots and stems.
2. Differences in plant and animal cell mitosis:
a) No ____________, but spindle fibers do form.
b) In telophase there is no pinching of the cytoplasm.
Instead a __________ ___________ forms which
becomes the cell wall.
Plant cell Mitosis
Comparisons between Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis
Plant Cells
No _____________
Animal Cells
Have ______________
Cytoplasm divides by forming a Cytoplasm divides by
____________________
______________ of cell
membrane (cytokinesis)
Cancer cell growth
 ____________ - Uncontrolled, abnormal ,
rapid mitotic cell division. This abnormal cell
division invades surrounding tissues and
interferes with normal tissue and organ function
Types of asexual reproduction (involves only
mitosis)
A. ___________ ____________
1. The simplest form of asexual reproduction
2. The parent organism divides into ____________
equal parts.
3. Results in two ____________ ____________ that
become a separate individual and grow to normal size.
4. This is the usual method of reproduction in ______
_________ organisms.
Binary Fission
B. _____________
1. In unicellular organisms such as yeast, budding is
similar to fission except that the ______________
division is ____________.
2. New individuals develop as small outgrowths or
____________ on the outer surface of the parent.
3. These buds may break off and live independently or
remain together to form a ____________.
Budding in yeast
4. Budding in the hydra produces a multicellular
outgrowth (a new hydra) from the parent organism.
This little hydra then breaks away from the parent but
is genetically identical.
C. ____________ or spore formation.
1. ____________ are small, microscopic, specialized
cells which contain a ____________ and a small
amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a thick outer
wall.
spores
Moldy bread
2. These are released from ___________
____________ .
3. Spores can resist unfavorable environmental
conditions (extreme heat and cold). When the
conditions are favorable the spore can produce a
new organism.
4. Bacteria, yeasts, molds mushrooms, mosses and
ferns produce spores.
D. ______________
1. The development of a _________ ________
organism from a __________ of the original
organism.
2. Regeneration also refers to the replacement of
__________ structures for example: Lobsters
may regenerate a lost claw.
3. Organisms that can regenerate have many cells that are
________________ meaning they have not yet been
assigned a “job”.
This lobster has
regenerated a new claw.
This lizard will regenerate
a new tail lost perhaps in
a fight
Whole starfish regenerating
from a lost leg
D. _____________ _______________- When an entire
new plant can grow from a __________ or a
___________.
Examples: Potatoes and strawberries
Vegetative Propagation in
Strawberries
Mother plant
Daughter plant
genetically identical
to mother.
Vegetative propagation
in potato plant
The roots will develop into
another potato plant
genetically identical to the
original.