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Name ________________________________ Date __________________ Period ________ 5.1 – The Cell Cycle Key Concept: Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. The cell cycle has 4 main stages. -The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. Cells divide at different rates. The rate of cell division varies ____________ ____________________________________ Some cells are unlikely to divide -Example: _________________________ Cell size is limited. Cell volume increases faster than surface area. o Cells need to stay ______ to allow diffusion and osmosis to work efficiently. Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials. Cells that must be large have unique shapes (i.e. neurons) 5.2 – Mitosis & Cytokinesis Key Concept: Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis into two new daughter cells. Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis. -Chromosomes: carry genetic information (DNA) that is passed from one generation of ________ to the next. -DNA wraps around proteins (_____________________) that condense it Chromosome Structure Chromatin: Chromatid: Centromere: Telomere: Mitosis and cytokinesis produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells. 1. Interphase: Prepares the cell to ______________. DNA is _______________. Includes G1, S, and G2. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus is 4 phases (PMAT) 2. Prophase – Longest phase of mitosis. Chromosomes __________, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane _____________. 3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up _________________. (Remember M for MIDDLE!) 4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are ____________________ to opposite sides of the cell. 5. Telophase: Two nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane ___________, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin. 6. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm separates. Animal cells: membrane ________ the 2 new cells apart. Plant cells: cell plate separates 2 new cells. 5.3 – Regulation of the Cell Cycle Key Concept: Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth. Internal and external factors regulate cell division. External Factors – Come from outside cell -Include physical and chemical signals *Cell to cell contact: _____________________ ________________________________________. *Growth factors: chemical signals released by the cell to tell other cells to grow -Trigger internal factors which affect the cell cycle Internal Factors - Come from inside cell Kinases: enzymes in cells Cyclins: proteins in cells *Both help to advance a cell to different parts of the cell cycle What happens when the cell cycle isn’t regulated properly? Cancer cells form ______________________________________________. May form Tumors Malignant May be killed by Apoptosis Benign Examples of apoptosis in healthy organisms: Cancer cells do not carry out normal cell functions. They come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation. Carcinogens are _______________________________________________ (they damage those genes) • _____________________________________________________ 5.4 – Asexual Reproduction Key Concept: Many organisms reproduce by cell division. Binary fission is similar to mitosis. -Asexual reproduction is the ______________________________________________________ -Binary fission produces ______________________________________________________ -Binary fission occurs in ____________________________ Environment determines which form of reproduction is most advantageous. -Asexual reproduction is an advantage in _______________________________________________________ -Sexual reproduction is an advantage in ________________________________________________________ Some eukaryotes reproduce by mitosis. -______________________________ (example: yeast, hydra) -______________________________ (example: sea stars) -______________________________ (example: plants) 5.5 – Multicellular Life Key Concept: Cells work together to carry out complex functions. Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types. -Tissues are ___________________________________________________________________________ -Organs are ___________________________________________________________________________ -Organ systems are ________________________________________________________________________ Specialized cells perform specific functions. -Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of ______________________________________. -Cells differ because ____________________________________________________________ are expressed. -A cell’s ___________________________ helps determine how it will differentiate.