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Adolph Hitler Notes—Chapter 30-4 Gremany hated the Versailles Treaty 1. Had to pay reparations of $30 Billion 2. Lost land 3. Limited the size of military Blamed Jews for Treaty Germany had huge debts and was destroyed (Factories, farmland, homes) Huge Inflation hit Government printed huge amounts of money, which backfired An item that cost 100 marks in 1922 cost 944,000 marks in 1923 People lost their entire savings *The US tried to help and did, until Great Depression. Adolph Hitler—born in Austria in 1889 Turned down from Art School Moved to Germany and fought in German army in WWI After war he joined National Socialists Party (Nazi) 1923—Beer Hall Putsch—Jumped on a table and said, “The Nazi Revolution has begun!”—but it failed Thrown in Jail Wrote Mein Kampf in jail—Means My Struggle *Nationalism *Anit-Semitism *Said that Germans were master race *Argued for Imperialism Was in prison less than a year Nazi membership grew and he promised to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany He was selected as Chancellor in 1933. Called his rule the Third Reich—Holy Roman Empire and Bismarck Totalitarian State Disbanded other parties Executed disloyal Controlled religion, education, government Secret police were Gestapo Also had the Brown Shirts Propaganda—denounced modern art (Jewish), jazz (black), novels Closed churches (thought christianity was weak) Burned books Hitler Youth—hikes and camps, physical fitness, brainwashed Women make babies—taken out of high level jobs Quote on page 764 Repudiated Versailles Treaty Huge Public Works Program—built roads, housing, forests Rearmed Germany Ended Unemployment Graph on Page 767 This is why Germans tolerated him Anti-Semitism—prejudice vs. Jews Jews had to register Wear yellow star of David Were beaten, killed, jailed. No repercussions Had to live in Ghetto—walled off parts of cities Nuremburg Laws—can’t marry nonjews, can’t go to German schools, holding govt. jobs, practicing law or medicine, publishing books. Many Jews Fled—those who could afford it Kristallnacht—Night of Broken Glass November 9, 10 of 1938 *A Jewish man whose parents were being mistreated, shot and wounded a German diplomat in Paris Smashed windows, looted, burned synagogues, beaten _Quote on 765 Jews had to pay for damage Chapter 31 Section 1 Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931 and took most of Eastern China Italy took Ethiopia in 1935—unfair—tanks and machine guns vs rifles and rocks Hitler went against Versailles Treaty but nobody messed with him Appeasement—giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace Axis—Germany, Italy, Japan Hitler attacked Guernica Spain (to help Franco) in 1937 to try out Blitzkrieg It was a Market—bombed and then machine gunned 1600 innocent people Germany Annexed Austria Then annexed Czechoslovakia when the other countries Appeased him Nazi Soviet Pact—nonaggression between Germany and Soviet Union Divide up Poland Both attacked Poland in 1939 Europe found its guts and declared war. Chapter 31 Section 2 1939 Nazis used Blitzkrieg—lightning war 1st Bombers 2nd Fast moving tanks 3rd Troops Germany and Soviet Union took Poland quick and divided it—Soviets also took Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Germany then took Norway and Denmark Then Netherlands and Belgium IN FRANCE 1940—Miracle of Dunkirk German forces rushed France and British soldiers retreated (in France) to Dunkirk and were stuck at English Channel British sent all vessels, naval, merchant, fishing, and pleasure to save 300,000 troops. Hitler waited too long to kill the troops France surrendered on June 22, 1940 AXIS Took North Africa, Greece, Yugoslavia Then Bulgaria and Hungary joined Axis Map on 785 of Axis Lands Battle of Britain Britain was last left in Western Europe Winston Churchill was Prime Minister Quote on 776 Operation Sea Lion—Germany’s plan to attack England London Blitz—57 nights of bombing---destroyed much of city, killed 15,000 People moved to subways (pic on 777) Kept lights off England would not quit Operation Barbarossa Attack on Soviet Union *Wanted it for Resources *Hated Communism *Went against Nazi Soviet Pact Stalin’s purges had hurt leadership Russia lost 2.5 million men quick Used Retreat and Destroy tactic again (like vs Napoleon) Winter cam and 1000s of Germans froze to death Leningrad—1941 Sieged and people had 2 pieces of bread per day Ate wallpaper because they said it contained potato flour Boiled briefcases and called them jellied meat 1 million died United States Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—December 7 We wouldn’t sell Japan war material because we didn’t like their aggression 19 ships, killed 2400 people We declared war the next day Japan took a bunch of US islands in the Pacific Holocaust Notes Nazis hated many people Communists Christians Jews Gypsies People of color Mentally ill Collaborators—people who helped the Nazis hoping for better treatment—some were Jews (Movie with the Gold Star still helping Nazis). They occupied the land, plundered it, stole artwork, etc (Youtube on Nazi Artwork—The Simpsons?) Genocide—Deliberate murder of an entire race of people. First—Ghettos Then—Concentration Camps Then—Final Solution—Genocide Death Camps in Poland—Auschwitz, etc. Jews from all over were shipped there. Death Camps From Ghettos—only leave for work, lost homes Train Ride—had to leave everything, cramped, no food/water, poop and pee, death Camp—shaved (hair for parachutes), valuables taken (gold teeth), men/women separated. Old and young sent to showers to be gassed Babies given to old people so moms didn’t die, too. Mentally ill killed Anyone who rebelled was killed and several more with them. Political prisoners here too—POWs Guards took target practice—shooting at an ear or finger Women were abused Sick and couldn’t work—sent to be gassed/killed People burned in the incinerators to get rid of evidence. No food. Death marches as Allies approached 6 million died Josef Mengele—injected dye in eyes, sewed twins together, motor oil injections, some advancements because they were performing on people not animals. Section 3 and 4 Chapter 31 Japan was expanding across Asia and the Pacific. There was a great brutality. They killed and tortured people a lot. They seized crops, destroyed cities, and made local people slaves. Allies Big Three—Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Total War—Countries rationed goods (shoes, sugar, gas, etc), censored press, used propaganda, made factories turn out war goods. Allies went into Africa first to get launching points into Europe. El Alamein in Egypt was a turning point. From there they went across Mediterranean into Italy. Italians overthrew Mussolini, who was rescued by Hitler. This weakened Germany because they had to fight on another front. Soviet Union Soviet Union stalled Germany Battle of Stalingrad—Germany circled city, Russians encircled them. Battles were building to building and Germany surrendered. 300,000 Germans captured/killed. Soviets then pushed Germany out and pushed into Europe. June 6, 1944—D Day—Invasion of France. Allied bombers pounded Germany beforehand. Midnight—Allies dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines. Thousands of ships came across English Channel 176,000 troops Underwater mines and machine guns Allies pushed through. France was eventually freed. Section 4 and 5 1942 When MacArthur was forced out of Philippines he said, “I shall return.” Japan won a lot at start Bataan Death March—10,000 Filipinos and several hundred Americans died on 68 mile walk. Island Hopping—US started to take back islands and hop from island to island beating Japanese Europe Germany had lost almost everything and went back to Germany. 1944 Battle of the Bulge—tried to break through Allied lines, who bent but didn’t break. Assassins were trying to get Hitler, who wore bullet proof hat, vest, and had bullet proof car. Surrounded himself with tall people. Allies pounded defenseless Germany will bombs, destroying it. Hitler committed suicide in a bunker. Mussolini was captured and executed. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. Pictures of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Google Clip of Flags of our Fathers on Youtube After Germany and Italy lost Allies turned to Japan and destroyed their navy and air force. Kamikaze—pilots who took on suicide missions—dive bomb their planes on our warships. At Iwo Jima and Okinawa they showed that they would fight to the death rather than surrender. Truman had taken over for Roosevelt, who had died. It was estimated that an invasion of Japan would cost 1 million American soldiers. We warned Japan to quit or we would destroy them, they ignored it. Hiroshima—August 6, 1945 Bomb flattened 4 square miles and instantly killed 70,000 people. Many more would die of radiation later. We warned them again, they ignore it. Nagasaki—August 9, 1945 40,000 people instantly died. Militarists didn’t want to surrender but the Emperor stepped in and quit. Should we have dropped the bomb? Effects of World War II 1. 75 million dead (22 million in the Soviet Union) 2. Holocaust 3. War Crimes trials (Nuremburg) 4. United Nations 5. Cold War between US and Soviet Union (Iron curtain in Europe) 6. Arms Race Truman Doctrine—US would try to stop communism Containment—limiting communism to where it already existed. Germany—Cut in half West was Democratic East was Communist Except for the city of Berlin, which was in the East and also was divided. Soviets blockaded the railroads so nothing could get in to West Berlin Berlin airlift supplied food and supplies for a year and Soviets stopped blockade. Warsaw Pact—Alliance of Communist countries after World War II NATO—Alliance of NonCommunist countries after WWII.