* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download WHAP 1914-present review
India in World War II wikipedia , lookup
British propaganda during World War II wikipedia , lookup
End of World War II in Europe wikipedia , lookup
World War II by country wikipedia , lookup
Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
World War II casualties wikipedia , lookup
Western betrayal wikipedia , lookup
New Order (Nazism) wikipedia , lookup
Technology during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Ursula Kuczynski wikipedia , lookup
European theatre of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Economy of Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Foreign relations of the Axis powers wikipedia , lookup
Diplomatic history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of Nazism wikipedia , lookup
The War That Came Early wikipedia , lookup
1914 -Present Review 5 W.W.I “Total War” WWI Facts World War I (19141918) Killed an estimated 13 million soldiers The war involved 28 countries The War was fought in Europe, Africa, and Middle East Section 1-The Road to War assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Austria Hungary) sparked the war Killed by Serbian (Black Hand) group The Forces at Work: Militarism In this system, a large army has top priority Alliances is the “I got your back” school of thought Imperialism – conquest of other lands Nationalism- superiority complex / smaller countries want independence At the heart of it all…Bosnia When AustriaHungary declares war on Serbia, the alliances spring into action. Creates a chain reaction So, in one week, all of Europe was at war. The Powers at Work Strategic Issues Each side (Allies and Central Powers) felt victory would be quick. machine guns and artillery gave advantages to the defenders. So when the Germans were stopped by the French and British near Paris, both sides dug in. trench warfare Trench Warfare More on Trench Warfare The American Response President Wilson declared America neutral in August 1914. but still wanted America to be ready for combat Hostility increases to Germany The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare (U-Boat) On May 7, 1915, the German UBoats sank the Lusitania 128 Americans dies President Wilson responded with diplomacy Germany’s warnings Wilson finally gets involved Wilson reelected in 1916 British intercepted a telegram from Zimmermann that was being sent to Mexico. Zimmermann was Germany’s foreign minister if Mexico ally with Germany, they could regain lands lost during the Mexican War. 369th Infantry known as the Harlem Hell Fighters, were loaned out to France They earned the French Croix de Guerre, the French equivalent to the Medal of Honor. Russia Drops Out! In November 1917, Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution took over Russia, and they declared peace with Germany. This meant Germany had only a single front: the French. They broke through the trenches, and were 50 miles from Paris. Ending the War Armistice was signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day on the the 11th month (1918) Over 50,000 U.S. soldiers died in battle Over 8 million soldiers worldwide equates to over 5,000 deaths per day of the war. Over 2 million civilians died as a result of the war, some from starvation, others from mass destruction. The Great Depression in the 1930s Stock market crash of 1929 Smoot-Hawley tariff Highest import duty in American history In retaliation, other countries raised their tariffs resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in world trade. Effects of the depression on nations Consumption and production around the world declined. Unemployment rose drastically. American banks called in overseas loans to offset their losses. France and Britain were to some extent insulated from the world economy by their overseas colonies. Japan and Germany suffered much more because they relied on exports to pay for imports of food and fuel South Africa’s economy boomed because Depression made gold more valuable Radical reforms and leaders United States enacted sweeping New Deal legislation, and radical politicians came to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan. Explain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic success during the 1930s Stalin’s goal First Five-Year Plan Turned small private farms into collective farms Collectivization transformed Soviet rural society, imposing an urbanindustrial way of life on the peasantry. Rebellion among the kulaks resulted in widespread starvation and hardship because they burned their crops and killed their livestock Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937) increased Soviet military and industrial might by developing electric power and heavy industry (iron, coal, steel, and machinery) Collective agriculture Transform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of the communist party After Nazi Germany’s rise to power, the Second Five-Year Plan abandoned its goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead on military expansion. Women in particular entered employment and careers formerly denied them. What Caused WWII? Great Depression Failure of the League of Nation to police the world 3 dictators came to power at about the same time 1923- Benito Mussolini - Italy 1930’s – Hideki Tojo - Japan 1933 – Adolf Hitler (Nazi party) - Germany Leaders of the Axis Power Similarities of the Axis Powers State is “all powerful” Individuals give up their freedoms Believed in using force to expand the boundaries of their countries Explain the rise of fascism in Europe and the events leading up to the Second World War. Fascism Extreme nationalism result of social and economic instability caused by World War I and the Depression. Mussolini and Hitler appealed to unemployed veterans and violent youths. Economic well-being outweighed a loss of liberty Il Duce (the leader) became prime minister and Installed Fascist party members in all government jobs and crushed all opposition Hitler became chancellor in 1933; Fuhrer (leader) 1934 Hitler also emphasized Aryan racial superiority (Germans, Britons, Scandinavian) and blamed Jews for Germany’s postwar troubles. Warning signs In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria In 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia Hitler tested French and British resolve by repeatedly violating the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933 Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations In 1935 Hitler built and army and created an air force Britain and France responded with The “appeasement” of the Munich Conference in 1938 revealed a lack of British and French resolve. Gearing up for the War 1936, Germany and Italy formed an alliance called the Rome – Berlin Axis 1938, Germany invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia and took over without firing a shot 1938, Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Russia. Why? To avoid a two front war What was the source of conflict between Japan and China from 1931 to 1945? nationalists Japan lacks many natural resources viewed a colonial empire as a solution to Japan’s dependence on foreign trade. most of Asia’s potential colonies had been claimed, China with its vast population and resources was not colonized. Japanese conquest The confrontation of the Second World War began with the Japanese seizure of Manchuria by junior officers in the military. During the next few years the Japanese sped up their rearmament, especially the building of warships. China fights back Warfare between China and Japan was incredibly violent. Chinese continued to fight back In the winter of 1937-1938, Japanese troops took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed 200,000 prisoners and civilians, and looted and burned the city. WWII Begins 1939, Germany invades Poland and this starts the war Blitzkrieg – lightning warfare used by the Germans USA Remains Neutral! 1940, even though the USA remains neutral, they are gearing up for the war by: Begin the draft Turn to a “war” economy First Two Years The axis power (bad guys) were winning the war They have control of the following areas: “most of Europe” North Africa Pacific Great Britain now stood “alone” against the Axis Powers America Response Lend Lease programs by Roosevelt sent 50 ships to Britain in exchange for future military bases Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor in Hawaii killing 2500 Americans Next day, Roosevelt asks congress for a declaration of war (hours later its granted) U.S. Japanese Internment camps; result of the bombing of Pearl Harbor The war pulled the United States out of the last stages of the Depression Women in the United States entered industry in large numbers, and the booming economy had long-lasting positive consequences for American society. U.S.A Enters War Allies on the offensive! United Nations Jan 1, 1942 – 26 nations for the United Nations for peace-keeping reasons By 1945, its membership totaled 50 nations Big 3 Leaders of the Allied Forces FDR (USA), Churchill (GB), Stalin (USSR) “Europe First” The allied strategy was called “Europe First” Take care of Hitler First, then Japan 2 Turning Point Battles in Europe Fall 1942, both allied victories Stalingrad in Europe El Alamein in North Africa Italy surrenders! In 1943, Allies invade Italy via Sicily and this leads to Italy’s eventual surrender D- Day June 6, 1944- D-Day invasion of Europe 200,000 soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy France, Germany’s Final defeat Last German offensive was the battle of the Bulge where they suffered a final defeat May 8, 1945 – V.E. Day (victory in Europe) War in the Pacific “Leapfrog Strategy” – used in the Pacific to recapture “major” islands like Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc. 2 Turning Point battles in the Pacific Coral Sea Midway ( destroyed Japanese Navy) Atomic Bombs! Aug. 1945 – atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Killed 200,000 people Japanese Surrenders! Sept. 2, 1945 – Japanese surrender aboard USS Missouri to General Mac Arthur Mein Kampf Written by Hitler in 1930 Outlined the Nazi philosophy Chief among these was removal of “non-Aryans” Particularly the Jews Anti-Semitism in Europe • Hostility towards Jews Not only in Germany but throughout Europe by 1930’s The Beginnings • Nazi party encouraged German citizens to stop patronizing Jewish business Nuremberg Laws 1935 Stripped Jews of their German citizenship Forbid marriage between Jews and non-Jews 1- Required Jews to register property 2- Dismissed Jewish Civil Employees and Managers 3- Banned Jewish Doctors from treating non-Jews 4- All Germans given identity cards Jewish cards marked with red letter “J” Gave all Jews middle name of “Sarah” or Israel Easier for police to ID Jews The “SS” Elite guard that became the private army of the Nazi party Charged with silencing opposition Kristallnacht Night of Nov. 9th 1938 Nazi thugs in Germany and Austria destroyed Jewish stores, houses & Synagogues Results 100’s killed Thousands arrested Government openly & freely killing Jews Refugees Seek an Escape From 1933-37 130,000 Jews fled Germany Moving to the Ghetto Jews were forced into small areas in the outskirts of cities Held as prisoners Poor living conditions Many died of malnutrition or disease • • Final Solution Nazis attempted to achieve their policy of eliminating entire races of people. Jews were deprived of citizenship and legal rights and forced into ghettoes. In 1942 the “final solution” started the systematic extermination of human beings. Concentration camps such as Auschwitz were created for the sole purpose of extracting work and killing prisoners. Fighting Back April 1943 Warsaw ghetto revolted against deportation to Treblinka Revolts and riots occurred in many concentration camps as well Few Offered Help • US media showed little interest in the Holocaust during war Horrors of the Holocaust • May 1945 US troops say the horrors of the Nazis first hand Victims! Estimated 11 millions killed Jews – 6 million Political enemies (communists), Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled, etc. Effects on the civilian population The civilian populations of Europe and Asia suffered the depredations of invading armies, disease, starvation, and exposure to the elements. Millions abandoned their homes or watched them being destroyed. In World War II more civilians were killed than soldiers. Many of these deaths were deliberate murder. Nuremberg Trials • November 1945 Allies tried 24 leading Nazis for crimes against humanity Results •12 received death sentences Results •Established important principle: –1- Individuals were responsible for own actions –2- No longer escape punishment by just “following orders” Communism in China Mao Zedong (1893-1976) communism founded in 1921 was a radical departure from the traditional ideology Goal was to use the peasantry, not industrial workers to redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor people Advocated women’s equality; but leadership position belong to men Civil war in China and communist victory Long March (1934-1935) 6,000 mile flight of the Chinese Communists fro the Southeast to the Northwest China 100,000 fled only 4,000 survived After Japanese surrender in 1945 the Guomindang and communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949 On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People’s republic of China and Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces were driven off the mainland to Taiwan Briefly compare and contrast the military aspects of the First and Second World Wars. Similarities They were both fought around the globe and resulted in tremendous numbers of casualties as well as physical and environmental damage. Both wars took advantage of technological innovations that altered the face of warfare. Differences World War II was larger in both geographic and human scope, taking place in practically every corner of the world; it also resulted in far more casualties. Whereas deaths from World War I were primarily confined to the military, there were far fewer military than civilian deaths in World War II. Huge bombing raids on cities and intentional assaults on civilians, What were some of the technological advances during World War II that made it a “war of science”? Airplanes were larger and faster, flew farther, and dropped many tons of bombs each. Jet planes appeared for the first time. Heavily armored tanks ruled the battlefields. Synthetic rubber and oil reduced the dependence on foreign imports and the control of the seas. Aircraft carriers and submarines made battleships obsolete. Radar warned of aircraft attacks. Code breakers and intelligence specialists predicted enemy attacks. The antibiotics used in World War II resulted in a significant drop in mortality among wounded soldiers. In the war’s ultimate technological achievement, the United States committed enormous resources to develop the atomic bomb in a race against Germany. Chapter 32 Discussion and Notes Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945 Who benefited economically and socially? Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities. Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and often had a negative effect on African people. What was life like for African under colonial rule? Worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public accommodations became more pronounced. Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist movements. World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Africans of the need for radical change. Indian Nationalism Independence movement in India By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. What was the goal? eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. Hindu or Muslim movement? seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country! Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Resistance to British Rule Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma “great soul”) becomes the leader in 1921. Why is he so important? Transformed the cause of the Indian independence from an elite movement to mass movement that appealed to majority of the Indian population United Hindu population for Indian independence Inspired the Civil Rights Movement in the United states What was his plan? force change and an end to British imperialism through a strict policy of non-violence, or passive resistance. Gandhi Leads The Way Examples of his civil disobedience included boycotts such as the Salt March (1930) and hunger strikes. Why? What happened? His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly Why did he fast? represented both his ideology and his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. How did he feel about the Hindu caste system? The rigid caste system separated religious and political classes from lower classes of laborers and outcasts with no hope at social mobility. Why Was India Partitioned? Britain was weakened after World War II. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people were killed before independence was achieved. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted, as it does today! Partition of India, 1947 Gandhi Assassinated!!! Therefore, the strength and will of the common people both achieved Indian independence and tore India apart. Gandhi Assassinated In 1948 Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910? Mexican Revolutionaries Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa Porfirio Diaz Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920 Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican society Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful? Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today. Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil and Argentina. Before the First World War Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured goods. Effects of WWI However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. The Depression and the rise of military dictators Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power at this time. Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup was staged by Juan Perón 1946. Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the world The Cold War 1945 - 1991 Hot – Warm - Cold Hot War : this is actual warfare Warm War : talks are still going on but war plans are being put into operation Origins of the Cold War Cold War the state of hostility, without actual warfare Stimulated development of emerging nations Stimulated extraordinary advance in weapons US VS Soviet Union Lasted until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 Conflicting Postwar Goals! US wanted to spread democracy and capitalism Soviet Union wanted security and to spread communism US Develops Major Cold War Policies Containment US must resist Soviet attempts to spread communist throughout world The Truman Doctrine (1947) take leadership role in the world help countries resist communism Offered military aid to Greece and Turkey to resist soviet military pressure Marshall Plan [1948] 1. “European Recovery Program.” 2. Secretary of State, George Marshall 3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4. More than 20 billion of US aid to friendly Western European nations Post-War Germany Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them! The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers! North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949 Member nations pledged assistance to each other Military assistance consisting of U.S. and Western European countries North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) United States Belgium Britain Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway Canada Portugal Denmark 1952: Greece & Turkey France Iceland 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain The Warsaw Pact 1955 – Soviet Response to NATO 1. Military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in E. Europe Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Czechoslovakia } Poland } Rumania Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge! The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/ Space Race 1952 – US tested hydrogen bomb 1953 – Soviets tested a hydrogen bomb 1957 – Soviet launches the first satellite into space (Sputnik) Catalysts for the space race 1969- Two Americans Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walk on the moon The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory” Korean War “Forgotten War” 1950-1953 Communist supported North Korea U.S. supported South Korea By the end of May 1951, communist forces had been driven out of South Korea. The war had developed into a stalemate 1. 2. China Peace talks will continue on and off for ~2 years July 1951-July 1953 July 27, 1953 – Armistice Signed Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was limited to the Korean peninsula Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power! China Falls to the Communists Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control Creates the People’s Republic of China 1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch China into world industrial power by maximizing labor in village level industries Economic disaster 1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and instilled revolutionary fervor in a new generation Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie (revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious figures) New nations in South/SE Asia India (secular) republic and Pakistan were incredibly dissimilar. Pakistan became a military government, and sees Bangladesh break away in 1971. India was able to maintain its unity since she retained larger portions of education and industry. African Independence French were determined to hold Algeria, since many French lived there. Fought from 19541962, but Algeria won independence. Some politicians led nationalist movements to rid foreigners: Ghana was the first colony in Africa to gain independence Nelson Mandela as the leader of the African National Congress organized guerrilla resistance in 1960; sent to jail for life in 1964; becomes the first Black president in South Africa in 1994 Latin American Freedom Europe was mostly out of the picture, but US and European economic domination increased. Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala tried to remove the United Fruit Company (1954), but the CIA helped remove the president from power, making Guatemala unstable for decades. In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime, while US business dominated. This resulted in a popular revolt, led by Fidel Castro, which overthrew Batista. Fear of Communists at Home The Loyalty Program 1947 1. designed to review the loyalty of federal employees House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 1. investigated government agencies, Hollywood etc. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party? The Hollywood Ten 1. served jail terms of 6 months – 1 year Hollywood plays the “game” 1. 2. created a blacklist steered clear of controversial topics The McCarthy Witch Hunts Senator Joseph McCarthy played on people’s fear of communism Targets 1. Govt. personnel 2. former Sec. of State George Marshall 3. US Army hearings began in late April 1954 1. Televised 2. Democrats wanted public to “see” McCarthy 3. most Americans were horrified Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961 Cuba There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent was to create a Communist government. However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s seizure of U.S. citizens property), and Cuba then looked to the USSR for economic aid. This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, also making Cuba communist. April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA work to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup failed, since US air support didn’t happen. Cuban Missile Crises (1962) Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to Cuba in response to U.S. deployment of nuclear missiles in Turkey Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked! Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Vietnam War: 1965-1973 Vietnam War Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh supported a guerilla movement against noncommunist South Vietnam. JFK sent American military advisors to South Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military deployment. After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of Tonkin By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the war US ended involvement there in 1973, and South Vietnam fell in 1975. Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed to keep China out of war. Israel 1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into two states Was declared an independent Jewish State in 1948 Six Day War of 1967 Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948 Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai peninsula Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil embargo It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for their support of Israel Challenges of Decolonization Dozens of new nations were created between 1945-1965. Most were created with little or no money, so economic concerns took center stage. There were also educational concerns: What language to teach… How to instill a sense of national unity to what was a colony… How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates… …which when faced with these issues, most opted for authoritarian rule.