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GRAMMAR
SENTENCES – PART 1
SENTENCES – PART 1
The basic sentence, better known as the SIMPLE SENTENCE, is the
first of three basic types of sentences.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE has three* things:
1. Subject
2. Verb
3. Complete thought/idea
A SIMPLE SENTENCE is also known as an INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE.
NOTE: In today’s lesson we will focus on simple sentences, or
sentences that contain only one clause. Later, we will look at
sentences that contain more than one clause.
* Four if we include punctuation!
PHRASES AND CLAUSES
Clause: A clause is a group of words that includes a
Subject and a Verb (but not necessarily a complete
thought).
i.e. The Walking Dead returns to TV soon! (IC)
When The Walking Dead returns to TV (fragment)
Phrase: a group of words that stand together as a single
unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence.
A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and,
consequently, cannot convey a complete thought. A
phrase contrasts with a clause. A clause does contain a
subject and verb, and it can convey a complete idea.
i.e. On top of the dresser.
My best friend
VERBS
Every CLAUSE, and every Simple Sentence, MUST
contain at least one verb.
There are three kinds of verbs:
1. ACTION VERBS
2. LINKING/BEING VERBS
3. HELPING VERBS*
* Remember: helping verbs ONLY operate in
connection with either Action or Linking/Being verbs.
VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Action verbs are the most common kind of verb. They
tell you what a noun or pronoun is doing.
Carl shot the young man for no real reason.
Rick worked hard to look after his daughter.
The Governor hates Michonne for what she did to his
daughter.
VERBS
LINKING/STATE-OF-BEING VERBS
State of Being Verbs are often called linking verbs because
they link the subject of the sentence with information about
the subject. Linking verbs also include verbs about the five
senses –sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound.
For example:
• Is, am, are, was, were, have, be, been, etc.
• Look, taste, feel, sound, appear, remain, seem, become,
etc.
Zombies are gross!
Zombies, in The Walking Dead, are slow.
The Walking Dead is a show I like to watch.
VERBS
HELPING VERBS
Helping Verbs come in front of a main verb. They create verb phrases. They
are acting in similar way to adverbs in that they modify the main verb.
You should have run from the zombie.
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Can
Could/could have
Do/did
Have/had
May/may have
Might/might have
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Must/must have
Ought
Shall/shall have
Should/should have
Will/will have
Would/would have
NOTE: “not” and prepositions like “never”, “often”, etc. are not verbs, although
they often come in the middle of a verb phrase.
BEWARE: NOT VERBS
INFINITIVES
Infinitives are verbs with “to” in front of them. They are not verbs.
They have to kill the zombies.
I want to escape from Woodbury.
GERUNDS
Gerunds are verbs that end in “-ing”. They are not verbs,
although in the textbook they are grouped as verbs.
People are sleeping in that house.
Infinitives and gerunds are technically NOUNS. Infinitives and
gerunds will ALWAYS be accompanied by a main, linking or
state-of-being verb.
VERB PRACTICE
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Find the VERBS only
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her emails.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)They have not always served vegetarian food here.
9)When will they ever learn?
10)Why do you ask?
VERB PRACTICE
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Find the VERBS only
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her emails.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)They have not always served vegetarian food here.
9)When will they ever learn?
10)Why do you ask?
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: SUBJECTS
SUBJECT
Every clause, and every simple sentence, is about someone or
something. That someone or something is the SUBJECT.
The SUBJECT of a sentence is always a NOUN or a PRONOUN. There
will be many nouns/pronouns in a sentence, but it is important to
be able to identify the SUBJECT
Carl shot the young man for no real reason.
Rick worked hard to look after his daughter.
The Governor hates Michonne for what she did do his daughter.
TRICKY SUBJECTS
Usually the subject comes first in a clause. There are three
occasions where the subject will come after the verb
1. In sentences that begins with “here” or “there”:
There are three zombies waiting to come inside.
2. In sentences that are inverted for emphasis:
Out of the house came the zombie.
3. In questions:
Where are you going with that shotgun?
Are three zombies waiting to come inside?
TRICKY SUBJECTS
COMMANDS
• In a command, the subject is suggested rather than
stated. It is addressed to someone who is not actually
part of the sentence structure.
[ You] Go hide in your room.
Finish looking for water in that store.
Get to bed.
• NOTE: Commands do not generally appear in academic
writing, but it is important to understand this rule
SUBJECT RULE
In a clause that contains “of”, the SUBJECT will always
be the noun that comes before a phrase containing
“of”.
A bouquet of yellow roses will lend color and
fragrance to the room.
The team of five worked well together.
SUBJECT PRACTICE
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her emails.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)When will they ever learn?
9)Why do you ask?
10) Stop!
SUBJECT PRACTICE
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her emails.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)When will they ever learn?
9)Why do you ask?
10) Stop! (you)
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: OBJECTS
OBJECT: An object is a noun (or pronoun) that is
governed by a verb or a preposition. There are 3
kinds of objects:
a direct object,
an indirect object,
and an object of a preposition.
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: OBJECTS
• Direct Object: The direct object of a verb is the
thing being acted upon (i.e., the receiver of the
action). You can find the direct object by finding
the verb and asking "what?" or "whom?". For
example:
i.e. Rick shot the zombie
Pass the shotgun!
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: OBJECTS
• Indirect Object: The indirect object is the recipient
of the direct object. You can find the indirect
object by finding the direct object and then asking
who or what received it.
i.e. Pass Rick the shotgun!
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: OBJECTS
Object of a Preposition: The noun or pronoun after
a preposition is known as the object of a preposition.
i.e. Rick shot the zombie in the head!
Pass Rick the shotgun from the back of the truck!
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: OBJECTS
• Note: not every sentence has an Object. Sentences
that only have State of Being Verbs don’t require
objects.
i.e. The prison is secure.
Zombies are always hungry