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The Civil War
SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War
and Reconstruction on Georgia.
b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include
Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg,
Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast,
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea,
and Andersonville.
WHAT’S IN A NAME?
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Civil War
The War Between The States
War of the Rebellion
War for Southern Independence
War of Northern Aggression
THE WAR BEGINS
• March 1861 – Charleston South Carolina
• The US continues to keep military forces
even though the State seceded three
months earlier
• After three confederate demands to
withdraw, on April 12, 1861 Confederate
forces opened fire on Fort Sumter
• Three days later Union surrenders
THE WAR BEGINS cont
• The Confederate State rejoice over their
victory at Ft. Sumter
• The South believes that Lincoln will back
down and the War would soon be over
• President Lincoln calls for 75,000
volunteers to enlist for three months to
put down rebellion
• Within a month he calls for 500,000 who
will volunteer for 3 years
THE WAR BEGINS cont
• Lincoln calls for a naval blockade of the
south, preventing ships from entering
or leaving the southern ports
• Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and
Tennessee join the Confederacy
• Richmond Virginia becomes the capital
of the Confederacy
Blockade of Georgia’s Coast
• Many of Georgia’s ports were blocked
throughout the War – including Darien and
Brunswick
• Savannah was GA’s biggest port – one of the
most important cities in Confederacy
• Fort Pulaski protected the city
• April, 1862 – Union bombarded fort and
Savannah fell under blockade
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http://www.cherokeerose.com/index.html#Blockade - use this site to view maps and
pictures of sites, including Fort Pulaski
BORDER STATES
• Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and
Missouri stayed with the Union, even
though they were slave states
• In 1863 the no slaveholding counties of
western Virginia seceded from Virginia and
joined the Union as the new state of West
Virginia
Attitudes About The Conflict
• Southerners believed that the people in the
North would not want to fight and wouldn’t
support Lincoln
• Northerners felt their they held a huge
advantage in resources and that the South
would be quickly defeated
• Both sides underestimated their enemies
resolve
• The war lasted four long years at the cost of
over 600,000 lives and 400,000 wounded
Comparing Regional Resources
• North had more people
• North had more factories better railroad
system, and most of the nation’s farms
and wealth
• South had more experienced military
leaders, and were highly motivated to
defend their familiar homeland to win
independence
Attitudes About The Conflict
• Both sides sent their young men off to
battle with the music and cheering crowds
• Soon there were not enough volunteers
and both the North and the South
instituted the DRAFT ( a law requiring
civilians to join the army)
• Governor Brown of GA. Strongly opposed
the Confederate draft
Georgia “Heart of the
Confederacy
• By October 1861, more than 25,000
citizens of Georgia had volunteered
• They were ill equipped as there weren't
enough weapons, uniforms and
supplies
• Arsenals – facilities where weapons and
ammunition are manufacture or stored were built in Augusta, Atlanta,
Savannah, Macon and Columbus
Georgia “Heart of the Confederacy”
• Georgia was the Confederacy’s most
important sources of supplies
• Farmers switched from growing cotton
to raising corn and other food
• Georgia had more industry than any
other southern state and supplied
military equipment to the cause
• Small operations turned out uniforms,
shoes, bandages & other supplies
Georgia – “Heart of the
Confederacy
• Georgia’s 1,400 miles of railroad was
the best system in the deep South
• Atlanta as the hub of the railroad
system was important in supplying &
transporting troops
• Georgia became a target of Sherman,
as its destruction would be fatal to the
Confederate cause
CIVIL WAR LIFE IN GA
• Life in Georgia during the war
– The first two years most of the fighting
occurred elsewhere
– The naval blockade did effect the economy
despite the success of some blockade
runners
– People faced food shortages and high
prices
CIVIL WAR LIFE IN GA
• By the spring of 1862 Union forces
captured all of Georgia’s coastal
islands, runaway slaves settled on these
islands
WHO SERVED???
• SOUTH
• March 6, 1861 Confederate government
authorized army of 100,000
• In the beginning many volunteered200,000 were turned away for lack of
weapons & supplies
• Spring of 1862 difficult to find volunteers,
soldiers writing home “stay out”
WHO SERVED??? Cont.
• April 1862 Conscription Act – draft citizens
required to serve, 1st draft in American
history
• Started at age 18-35 for min. of 3yrs
• Later increased from 17-50
• People could pay a fee & get out of draft
WHO SERVED??? Cont
Exemptions in South
– RR employees, telegraph operators, miners
– 20 Slave exemption for every 20 slaves 1
white man exempted
• Some believed that the Civil War had
become “a rich man’s war and a poor
man’s fight.”
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• NORTH
• In the North 500,000 volunteers were
requested
• Many rushed to join, but numbers began
to slow
• March 3, 1863 U.S. Congress passed a
draft law
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• Exemptions In North
– Illness
– Only person taking care of widow, child or
other dependent
– A man could avoid service by providing a
substitute or paying a fee of $300
– Blacks (not considered citizens, remember
the Dred Scott case)
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• Draft Riots in New York City
• Summer 1863 – protestors demonstrated
against the draft, shouting “down with the rich”
and attacking Blacks
• WOMEN IN THE CIVIL WAR
– Woman took over running the farms and plantation
and cared for wounded soldiers
– They also served as surgeon, spies and soldiers
– Many women disguised themselves as boys and
fought in the war
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• WOMEN IN THE CIVIL WAR
– Woman took over running the farms and
plantation and cared for wounded soldiers
– They also served as surgeon,(Dr. Mary
Walker) spies (Emmeline Piggott) and
soldiers (Sarah Wakeman, aka Private Lyons
Wakeman)
– Many women disguised themselves as boys
and fought in the war
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• Black Troops
• Runaway slaves from the Sea Islands
volunteered in the Union Army forming the
1st – 5th South Carolina Volunteers part of
the 21st United States Colored Troops
• 54th Massachusetts Colored Volunteers
was the first “Negro” regiment to fight in
battle, proving that African Americans
could be brave soldiers
WHO SERVED??? Cont
• CHILDREN
• Children as young as 14 served in both
the North and south
• Over 300 soldiers were 13 or younger
MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR
• 1ST major battle (1861) – VA’S Battle of
Manassas near Bull Run Creek &
Confederate forces won, stunning the
North
• South became overconfident
• North buckled down
MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR
• Battle of Antietam in Maryland (1862) –
bloodiest single day of the war (12 hours)
– Union victorious
• Lincoln issued Emancipation
Proclamation – freed slaves in the
Confederate states
• North now fighting to preserve Union & to
free slaves
MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR
• Battle of Gettysburg (1863) fought in
Pennsylvania
• Northernmost point reached by South
• Southern victory would encourage
involvement of other countries
• Lasted 3 days – Union won
• Fate of the Confederacy sealed
MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR
• Battle of Chickamauga (1863) in GA
– South forced North to retreat
– South left Union troops alone - Union sends
more troops & recaptures area
• Battle of Atlanta (1864)
– Lasted about 2 months
– Gen. Hood left & Gen. Sherman moved in
– Sherman set fire to ATL & began “March to
the Sea”
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE
SEA
• Marched from ATL to Savannah
• Destroyed military targets & railroads
• Sherman gave Savannah to Lincoln for
Christmas
• Confederacy could not recover loss of GA
• April 9,1865 at Appomattox Court
House in VA, Gen. Robert E. Lee
surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA
• On June 27, 1827 Sherman tried to attack
Johnston head on at Kennesaw Mountain
3,000 federal troops were killed and only
500 Confederates lost their lives
• Johnston fell back anyway digging
trenches to defend Atlanta
• Johnston was replaced by General Hood
• Sherman attacked the City for 40 days
SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA
• Hood destroyed everything of value and
the Mayor surrendered the City on
September 2nd
• On November 15th the city was destroyed
• The March to the sea began the next day
• Sherman's army left destruction in their
wake, destroying $100 million worth of
food and resources
SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA
• Sherman reached Savannah on
December 21, 1864, offering the City of
Savannah as a Christmas present to
President Lincoln,
• The Confederacy could not recover the
loss of Georgia
• On April 9,1865 at Appomattox Court
House in Virginia General Robert E. Lee
surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant
Prisoner of War Camps
• Andersonville Prison near Americus GA was
originally built to house 10,000 prisoners
• The camp’s population swelled to more than
33,000 Union Prisoners
• Conditions were horrible – almost 13,000
Union soldiers died
• Captain Wirz, commander of the prison, was
hung for war crimes, although evidence exists
that he did what he could to improve conditions
Andersonville Prison
• http://www.civilwarhistory.com/andersonville/anderson.htm
Prisoner of War Camps
• Elmira Prison in upstate NY also had
large death rates
• Not enough food; poor medical conditions;
exposure to cold
• 25% of Confederate prisoners at Elmira
died