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Cancer Timeline and
Characteristics
Cancers share the following
characteristics (page 70)
•
•
•
•
•
Hyperplasia
Dedifferentiation
Invasiveness
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Hyperplasia
• Telomere region =ends of chromosomes
• Telomerase = enzyme that cancer activates,
when activated it lengthens telomere region
Dedifferentiation
• Loss of normal functioning
so…DEdifferentiated
Invasiveness
• Breaking away from basement membrane
• What type of cells are attached to a
basement membrane
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Genetic Mutations that Cause
Cancer
• Oncogenes
– Normally inactive
unless preparing for
mitosis
– Cell stays in G1 as
long as oncogene is
inactive
– A mutation causes this
gene to be ACTIVE
therefore…
• Tumor Suppressor
Gene
– Normally active to
keep the cell from
doing mitosis
– Cell stays in G1 as
long as the TS Gene is
active
– A mutation causes the
gene to be inactive
therefore…
Genetic Mutations
• Oncogenes
• Tumor Surpressor
Genes
3000 BC
• Earliest written
description of cancer
• 2500-1600 B.C. –
describes surgery,
pharmacology,
mechanical and magical
treatments
500 B.C.
• Greek
• Hippocrates (Greek philosopher) lifted
medicine out of realms of magic
• Both performed diagnosis and treatment
• 4 corresponding fluids that governed
health:
–
–
–
–
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile
1 A.D.
• Galen (Roman empire) – “physician for a
millennium”
• Served as physician to gladiators – learned a
lot and wrote a lot
500 AD
• Hospitals – an outstanding Arab
contribution to medicine
• Monastic hospitals built for wounded
crusaders
• Best hospitals of the Middle Ages:
– Baghdad
– Damascus
– Cairo
th
11
Century
• Universities
and Medical
Schools – a
legacy of the
Middle Ages
– Bologna, Paris,
Montpellier
and Oxford
1000-1400 A.D.
• Fall of Rome – Constantinople becomes
intellectual storehouse of civilization
• Europe emphasizes faith in healing
• Universities still rooted in Galen
1500
• Research and
Renaissance
• The Art of Anatomy
• Medicine based
observation and
analysis
• Cancer still considered
incurable (black bile
theory hard to die)
1600s
• Experimental medicine begins
• Surgeries attempted, statistics calculated,
systems identified, knowledge published
and shared
• CANCER – not caused by black bile!
• Italian physician Gaspare Aselli suggests
abnormalities with lymphatic system
1655
• Microscope invented by Leeunhoek
• Robert Hooke– CELLS!
1700
• Nuns, Chimney sweeps and Snuff –takers
– First to observe environmental conditions and
health risks
• Cancer thought to be local disease
• Experimental Oncology begins with French
physician Jean Astruc and chemist Bernard
Peyrille
• John Hunter – surgical removal of cancer
1800
• Morbid anatomy allows for thorough
documentation of organs infected with
cancer
• Cancer cells observed in microscope
• Ether and use of disinfectants makes
surgeries prevail with lower mortality rates
Early 1900s
•
•
•
•
Radiotherapy used to treat cancer – radium
Genetic cause of cancer proposed
Viral cause of cancer proposed
Animal experimentations to find cancer
wonder drug
• 1930 – The National Cancer Institute is
founded, educating public
1930-1950
• Chemotherapy and radiation providing hope
• Early diagnosis is key
• Shocking discovery – smoking may cause
cancer!
1955
• Watson and Crick – need I say more?
• Molecular medicine born
• Radiation and chemo progressing
1960
Silent Spring – Rachel Carson
• Environmental links to cancer
• Viral oncology
• Warning label on cigarettes
1970’s
• Reverse transcriptase – alters cancer
research by making genetic engineering
possible
• Carcinogens and DNA focus
1975
• First Oncogene discovered
• DNA sequencing
1980’s
• Cancer Immunology – manipulating the
body’s own defense system to fight cancer,
promising therapy
1985
• AIDS and cancer
• Drug resistance
• Need for new drugs
1990’s
• Gene sequencing and human genome
project
• Gene therapies
2000s
• Stem cells
• Genetic detection, screenings
• Advances in technology