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Pronouns PART I Pronoun Trouble https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6e1hZGDaqIw Pronoun A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or a group of words acting as a noun. They are used rather than repeating a noun again and again. Pronouns make sentences clearer and more interesting. Antecedent An antecedent is the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) to which a pronoun refers. The doctors described how they antecedent pronoun performed their jobs. pronoun Everyone at the party knew the truth. Indefinite pronoun Who cooked the food? Interrogative pronoun Personal pronouns Refer to (1) the person speaking or writing (2) the person listening or reading (3) the topic (person, place, thing, or idea) being discussed or written about. Indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. Indefinite pronouns often do not have antecedents. Indefinite Indefinitepronouns pronouns Singular another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything neither nobody no one nothing one somebody someone something Plural Singular or plural both few many several others all any most none more some Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun points to a specific person, place, or thing. Demonstrative pronouns Plural Single this that these This is where I keep my shoes. These are my friends. That is my book. Are those your grandparents? those Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are connect words. A relative pronoun begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the same sentence. Relative pronouns that which who whom Independent clause subordinate clause Here is the recipe He is the one that my mother gave me. whose car was stolen. whose Reflexive vs. Intensive pronouns A reflexive pronoun directs the action of the verb toward its subject. Reflexive pronouns point back to a noun or pronoun in the earlier sentence An Intensive pronoun simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. Example: Tara helped herself to some cookies (herself is reflexive) The mayor herself attended the carnival (herself is intensive) Practice: Page 302 13.2A page 309 13.2E and 13.2F in Writing Coach Flip back a few pages for pronoun review starting on p. 300 Pronoun Problems PART II Sentences can get confusing when there are two or more possible words that the pronoun could be referring to. Example: We should take Susan and Kim to the mall and buy her a birthday gift. (Who’s getting the gift?) We should take Susan and Kim to the mall and buy Kim a birthday gift. Example: Joe doesn’t know what Jack did to him. (Who is him?) Joe doesn’t know what Jack did to Brian. Consistency: Another major problem results from lack of consistency in agreement, number and person. Example: Sometimes a student gets so far behind that they simply can’t catch up. What is wrong with that sentence? Consistency Wrong: Sometimes a student gets so far behind that they simply can’t catch up. “Student” is singular; “they” is plural. Sometimes a student gets so far behind that he or she simply can’t catch up. Sometimes students get so far behind that they simple can’t catch up. Consistency Example: We get so tired of listening to her drone on about grammar rules that you just want to fall out of your chair. What is wrong with that sentence? Consistency Wrong: We get so tired of listening to her drone on about grammar rules that you just want to fall out of your chair. “We” is plural; “you” is singular. How could we fix it? Consistency Example: No one should have to take this kind of punishment, nor should we have to do this much work. What is wrong with that sentence? How can we fix it? Consistency Example: The team has not won a game yet, but they will have one last chance this week. What is wrong with that sentence? How can we fix it? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. His older brother and him liked to ride the go-carts. What is wrong with that sentence? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. His older brother and him liked to ride the go-carts. Would you say, “Him liked to ride the go-carts”? Correct: He and his older brother liked to ride the go-carts. Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. Can me and John leave early for lunch? What is wrong with that sentence? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. Can me and John leave early for lunch? Change it to: Can John and I leave early for lunch? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. She is trying to get you and I in trouble. Is that correct or wrong? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. She is trying to get you and I in trouble. Change it to: She is trying to get you and me in trouble. Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. Us girls like to hang out at the roller skating rink. Is that correct or wrong? Using pronouns in compound constructions often results in confusion between objective and subjective case pronouns. Us girls like to hang out at the roller skating rink. Change it to: We girls like to hang out at the roller skating rink. Pronoun and verb problems My brother is taller than me. Is that correct or wrong? Pronoun and verb problems My brother is taller than me. Wrong My brother is taller than I (am). Who or whom? “Who” is a subject, like “he” or “they” “Whom” is an object, like “him” or “them” Test a sentence by using a substitution. If the sentence is a question, answer the question and make the substitution Who/which/that? Refer to people as “who” – not “which” or “that.” Here is the student that failed all her quizzes. (nope) Here is the student who failed all her quizzes. (yes) Sorry, Katy. Maybe he left because he cared about grammar. “The one that got away” should have been “the one who got away”. Maybe it was her dog that got away. Who or whom? Who/whom is on the phone? He is on the phone. So “Who” would be correct. Who/whom did the teacher select for the leader? The teacher selected him. So “Whom” would be correct. That or which Consider the following sentences. Both are acceptable, but their meanings are subtly different: The books, which have red covers, are new. The books that have red covers are new. Use which (surrounded by commas) if a group of words adds information. Use that if it limits the set of things you're talking about. That or which Here are two more examples just to make that clear: Classes that are held on Wednesdays are in building 206. Leap years, which have 366 days, contain an extra day in February. In the first sentence, the words "that are held on Wednesdays" are limiting the type of classes that we're talking about. (We're not talking about all the classes, only the ones held on Wednesdays.) We thus use that. In the second sentence, the words "which have 366 days" are adding information. We thus use which surrounded by commas. Pronoun Trouble Pronoun Trouble From whom I borrowed information: http://virtual.parkland.edu/walker102/pronoun.htm http://jokes.myjokesite.info/2013/01/pronoun-confusion.html Prentice Hall Texas Writing Coach Grade 8