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Hebrews
Judaism Over the Centuries
Warm-Up
• Have test out and ready
to be graded. If you do
not have answers to the
test, please get your
items and line up at the
door.
Review
• Judaism – Beliefs and Texts
• What are some of the beliefs of Jews?
– A.
– B.
– C.
• Were can Jews study their religion?
– A.
– B.
Focus
• 1. How did revolt, defeat and migration affect
the Jews?
• 2. The Diaspora led to new cultural traditions.
Compare and contrast them.
• 3. How do Jewish traditions and holy days
celebrate their history and religion?
Revolt, Defeat, and Migration
• The teachings of Judaism helped unit the
ancient Jews. After the conquest of Israel by
Romans, many events threatened to tear
Jewish society apart.
• One threat to Jewish society was foreign rule.
Jews were tired of this and wanted to regain
their independence. If the Jews could regain
their independence, they cold recreate the
kingdom of Israel.
Revolt
• The most rebellious group of Jews were called the Zealots.
They refused to accept any rule except God. In A.D. 66, the
Zealots began a revolt against Roman rule.
• In the end, A.D. 70, the Jew’s revolt was crushed. The
revolt lasted for four years and caused terrible damage.
Jerusalem lay in ruins, thousands of people dies, and the
Temple was burned down.
• The Zealots refused to become Roman slaves – they killed
themselves.
• To punish the revolt, Jews in Jerusalem were killed and
others were taken to Rome as slaves. There was another
Diaspora, or Jews leaving Israel.
Romans Destroying Temple
Results of the Revolt
• Romans made sure the revolt would not happen again.
About 1,000, Zealots locked themselves in a mountain
fortress called Masada. Romans sent 15,000 soldiers to
capture the Zealots.
• For two years Zealots fought off the revolt. Finally, in
A.D. 73, as the Romans broke through Masada’s walls,
the Zealots took their own lives instead of becoming
Roman slaves.
• To punish the revolt, Jews in Jerusalem were killed and
others were taken to Rome as slaves. There was
another Diaspora, or Jews leaving Israel.
Masada
A Second Revolt
• Those Jews who stayed in Jerusalem and Israel
began another revolt. Once again, however, the
Roman army defeated the Jews.
• After this rebellion in the 130s A.D., the Romans
banned all Jews from the city of Jerusalem. Any
Jew caught in or near Jerusalem would be killed.
• As a result, Jewish migration, or Diaspora,
throughout the Mediterranean region increased.
Diaspora – 1st Century A.D.
Migrations and Discrimination
• For Jews not living in Jerusalem, the nature of Judaism
changed. They no longer had a single Temple to
worship. Local synagogues, places of worship, became
important.
• At the same time, leaders called rabbis, or religious
leaders, took on a greater role in guiding Jews in their
religious lives. Rabbis were responsible for interpreting
the Torah and teaching. Many rabbis also served as
leaders of Jewish communities.
• Discrimination was faced by many Jews outside of
Israel.
Rabbis in Synagogues
Jews in Eastern Europe
• Ashkenazim, is made up of descendent of Jews
who moved to France, Germany, and eastern
Europe during the Diaspora.
• They had their own communities separate from
non-Jews. These Jews took care of each other.
Often they faced discrimination.
• Their own customs were developed, such as their
own language. Yiddish, is similar to German but
is written in the Hebrew Alphabet.
• Also, they are more apt to follow the food laws,
especially during Holy Days and festivals.
Jews in Spain and Portugal
• Sephardim, descendents of Jews in Spain and
Portugal.
• They also have a language of their own – Ladino.
It is a mix of Spanish, Hebrew, and Arabic.
• Sephardim Jews are more lenient on food laws.
• These Jews mixed with the region’s non-Jews,
and were allowed freedom of worship and
freedom of movement. They borrowed from
other traditions and cultures.
• Jewish scholars made great advances in writing,
math, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.
Traditions and Holy Days
• Jewish culture is one of the oldest in the
world. Because their roots go back so far,
many Jews feel a strong connection with their
past.
• They also feel that understanding their history
will help them better follow Jewish teachings.
Their traditions and holy days help them
understand and celebrate their history.
Hanukkah
• Falling in December, Hanukkah honors the
rededication of the Temple during the revolt
of the Maccabees.
• Today Jews celebrate this event by lighting
candles in a special candleholder called a
menorah.
• Its eight branches represent the eight days
through which the oil, used in rededication,
burned. Also, gifts are exchanged nightly.
Hanukkah Menorah
Passover
• More important than Hanukkah to Jews,
Passover is time celebrated in March or April. It
is a time to remember the Exodus, the journey of
the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt.
• Israelites left Egypt so quickly that bakers didn’t
have time to let their bread rise. Therefor Jews
eat Matzo, a flat, unrisen bread.
• They also celebrate the holy day with ceremonies
and a ritual meal called a seder. During the
seder, participants recall and reflect upon the
events of the Exodus.
Seder Dinner
High Holy Days
• High Holy Days, the two most sacred of all
Jewish holy days, take place in September or
October. The first two days, Rosh Hashanah,
celebrate the beginning of a new year in the
Jewish calendar.
• On Yom Kippur, which falls soon afterward,
Jews ask God to forgive their sins. It is the
holiest day. Because it is so holy, Jews don’t
eat or drink anything for the entire day.
High Holy Days
Review
• 1. How did revolt, defeat and migration affect
the Jews?
• 2. The Diaspora led to new cultural traditions.
Compare and contrast each other. Compare
and contrast with the older beliefs of Judaism.
• 3. How do Jewish traditions and holy days
celebrate their history and religion?
Independent
• Design a cause and effect explanation on the
lesson. You will need a minimum of 5 aspects
to focus on. This may be done using a T-chart,
flow chart/map, etc. Also, be sure to include 3
visuals to assist you in your explanation.