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The Muslim World World Studies Stankiewicz Essential Questions • What are the central religious and moral teachings of Islam? • How did Islam spread throughout the world? • What artistic and literary traditions flourished in the Muslim world? • What was the Ottoman Empire? The Central Religious and Moral Teachings of Islam - 1 • Islam is based on strict _____________ • Believe in one allpowerful, compassionate God • Name is Allah (in Arabic) • Holy book is the ________________ The Central Religious and Moral Teachings of Islam - 2 • Each individual will stand before God on ___________________ day and depending upon deeds go to Heaven or Hell • No official priests The Central Religious and Moral Teachings of Islam -3 • Five Pillars • All Muslims accept __________________ • Known as the five pillars Five Pillars - 1 • 1st Pillar • ___________________________ • “There is no god but God, _______________ is the messenger of God” • Muslims believe God sent many messengers including Moses and Jesus but, according to Islam, Muhammad is the last and greatest Five Pillars - 2 • 2nd Pillar • _________________ • After ritual washing, Muslims face their holy city of Mecca to pray • Often have prayer in houses of worship called ____________ Five Pillars - 3 • 3rd Pillar • _________________ _________________ Five Pillars - 4 • 4th Pillar • _____________ _____________ ____ sunset during their holy month of _____________ _____________ Five Pillars - 5 • 5th Pillar • ___________ • Pilgrimage to ___________ • All who are able expected to make this trip Five Pillars - 6 • Some Muslims look at ___________________ as another duty • Jihad has often been be mistaken as a “holy war” • Does not have to be _____________ but can be charity etc in God’s name The Quran • To Muslims the ____________ is final authority on all matters • Complete _______________________ • Sets harsh penalties for crimes • Some punishments similar to those found in Old Testament Sharia • Immense body of law interpreting the Quran • ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ • Not all Muslim countries practice Sharia law • No _____________________ between religious matters and civil matters • No separation between ___________________ Sharia Law - 2 • In addition to conduct for Muslim advises on how to treat ______________. • Jewish or Christians in Muslim areas are considered _________________________________ • Are to be respected • Are to be protected by Islam – ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Dhimmi • Historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state • Word literally means “________________” • Derived from a theoretical contract— "dhimma" or __________________________________ • Often had to pay a tax for being nonMuslim Jizya - Qur'an (9:29) • Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued. • Not always practiced today • Islamic (ISIS) state does • Ref:http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp ?chapter=9&verse=29 Quran vs Bible vs Torah • Quran is God's final and complete relevation • Bible and Torah are partial versions Muhammad - 1 • Born in Mecca about 570AD • A successful merchant • Married a wealthy widow • Troubled by idol worship and moral ills of Arab society • Had a vision when he was 40 telling him to proclaim the faith of Islam • ____________________ Muhammad - 2 • Islam means _____________________ • Had a pilgrimage to _____________ to spread faith – Successful – Turning point in Islam – Destroyed idols – Worked to unite Arabs Died in 632 Muhammad - 3 • After Muhammad's death elected the first leader of Islam – _________________ _________________ Women in Early Muslim Society • Rights • _________________________________ • “Whoever does right, whether male or female, and is a believer, all shall enter the Garden (Heaven)” – Quran • Although spiritually equal not equal socially and have __________________________________ Women in Early Muslim Society-2 • Men ____________________ Islam spreads throughout the world 1 • • • • Started in Arabian Peninsula Spread through ___________________ Religion unifies Benefited from weakness of ____________ Islam spreads throughout the world 2 • Imposed _____________ on non-Muslims • Janissaries • Treatment depended on specific rulers – Some harsh some fair – Some allowed ______________________ – Spread as far as Europe, India and beyond The Spread of Islam Stopped -1 • Islamic Invasion of Europe stopped at ________ France • 10 October 732 • _________________ defeats Muslim invaders • 30K Frankish (French) vs 80K Muslims The Spread of Islam Stopped -2 • Decisive French Victory • Casualties 1,500 Christians; 10-12K Muslims • _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ The Spread of Islam Stopped - 3 • Despite defeat Muslim forces continued their expansion, destroying the __________________________________ __________________________________ • Took the __________________ and threatened Central Europe The Spread of Islam Stopped - 4 • Battle of Vienna • 12 September 1683 • Between the __________________________________ __________________________________ Battle of Vienna-1 • Ottomans were besieging Vienna • If __________________________________ _______________________ may be abolished • 84K+ Christians (allied as the Holy League) arrive to break the siege • They meet outside the gates of Vienna Holy League at Battle of Vienna • Allied against the Ottomans • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth • Austria • German States • About 84K soldiers • Major Commander: John Sobieski (Poland) Ottomans at Battle of Vienna • Ottoman Empire and Allies • Approximately _________________ _________________ _________________ • Major commander: Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Battle of Vienna-2 • _________________ _________________ • Holy League 2K dead • Ottomans 10K dead – 5K prisoners – All cannons lost – __________________ Movements within Islam • After Muhammad's death factions within Islam arose • Two major factions • ________________________ • ________________________ Sunni - 1 • Sunnis felt the Caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim Community • Caliph should be a __________________________________ __________________________________ Sunni - 2 • Inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers • __________________________________ • Some scholars feel this sect is more ____________________ politically than Shiites Shiite - 1 • Believe the only __________________________________ to the Prophet were descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Fatima and Ali Shiite - 2 • Believe that descendents are divinely inspired • __________________________________ __________________________________ • Martyrdom need not be violent Artistic and Literary in the Muslim World -1 • Muslim religious leaders ________________the painting or depiction of God or religious figures • Art is _______________ • Arabesque • Calligraphy • Architecture – Domes, arches Artistic and Literary in the Muslim World - 2 • Literature • Quran Philosophy • Philosophy • Muslim scholars translated __________________________________ __________________________________ • Tried to refine ideas Mathematics • Muslim scholars may have studied mathematics before the Greeks and Indian cultures • _________________ from Arab word “aljabr” • Influenced European mathematicians Astronomy • Muslims had a set of astronomical tables • ____________________ the circumference of the Earth to within a few thousand feet • Set stage for navigational tools used by Europeans to discover the New World Medicine • Built on knowledge acquired from the Greeks • Had an exam system to become doctors • Had ____________________________ • Had equivalent to today’s emergency rooms Medicine • Interaction between Muslims and Crusaders brought ____________________________ in the form of medical advancement • Progressive medicine – Treat the mind as well as the body Crusades - 1 • Christianity vs Islam • Many European Christians wanted to go to pilgrimage to _____________________ • Sometimes Muslim rulers were tolerant of this practice, other times not Crusades - 2 • Eventually Pope Urban II asked the Knights of Europe to recover the Holy Land for Christendom in 1095 • _________________ falls to Crusader armies • Battles for Holy Land took place for almost 200 years Crusades - 3 • Nine Crusades • Establishment of _________________________________ in Holy Land • Eventually all Holy Land fell to Islam Crusader Kingdoms Ottoman Empire • Ottomans were ______________speaking • Captured Constantinople in 1453 • Expanded until they controlled most of Middle east and Northern Africa • Dissolved at the end of __________________________________ Ottoman Empire at its Height Classes in Ottoman Society - 1 • Men of ___________ (almost all Muslims) – Lawyers, scientists, judges • Men of ____________ (almost all Muslims) – Soldiers Classes in Ottoman Society - 2 • Men of _______________ (any religion) – Merchants, tax collectors, traders • Men of ________________ (any religion) – Farmers and herders How Ottomans ruled Diverse Population - 1 • Non-Muslims organized into “____________” • Millets are _______________ communities – Millet leaders who handled religious duties and minor legal issues How Ottomans ruled Diverse Population - 2 • Tax on Non-Muslims – Janissaries in Balkan areas • Required to turn over young sons • Converted and militarized – Young ______________ girls became slaves in households • Mostly Eastern European • Word slave comes from the people of Eastern Europe, “The Slavs” The Great Ottoman Empire Ends • In the hundred years before its fall in 1918 Ottomans lose much of their European empire • “_______________________” • Sided with Germany during World War I • Arab revolts and Allied victories • Turkey emerges out of the ruins Ottoman Empire near the End Summary 1."A coin in the coffer rings. a soul from purgatory springs." -Johann Tetzel