Download The Muslim World

The Muslim World
World Studies
Stankiewicz
Essential Questions
• What are the central religious and moral
teachings of Islam?
• How did Islam spread throughout the
world?
• What artistic and literary traditions
flourished in the Muslim world?
• What was the Ottoman Empire?
The Central Religious and Moral
Teachings of Islam - 1
• Islam is based on
strict _____________
• Believe in one allpowerful,
compassionate God
• Name is Allah (in
Arabic)
• Holy book is the
________________
The Central Religious and Moral
Teachings of Islam - 2
• Each individual will stand before God on
___________________ day and
depending upon deeds go to Heaven or
Hell
• No official priests
The Central Religious and Moral
Teachings of Islam -3
• Five Pillars
• All Muslims accept __________________
• Known as the five pillars
Five Pillars - 1
• 1st Pillar
• ___________________________
• “There is no god but God,
_______________ is the messenger of
God”
• Muslims believe God sent many
messengers including Moses and Jesus
but, according to Islam, Muhammad is the
last and greatest
Five Pillars - 2
• 2nd Pillar
• _________________
• After ritual washing,
Muslims face their
holy city of Mecca to
pray
• Often have prayer in
houses of worship
called ____________
Five Pillars - 3
• 3rd Pillar
• _________________
_________________
Five Pillars - 4
• 4th Pillar
• _____________
_____________
____ sunset
during their holy
month of
_____________
_____________
Five Pillars - 5
• 5th Pillar
• ___________
• Pilgrimage to
___________
• All who are
able expected
to make this
trip
Five Pillars - 6
• Some Muslims look at
___________________ as another duty
• Jihad has often been be mistaken as a
“holy war”
• Does not have to be _____________ but
can be charity etc in God’s name
The Quran
• To Muslims the ____________ is final
authority on all matters
• Complete _______________________
• Sets harsh penalties for crimes
• Some punishments similar to those found
in Old Testament
Sharia
• Immense body of law interpreting the Quran
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
• Not all Muslim countries practice Sharia law
• No _____________________ between religious
matters and civil matters
• No separation between ___________________
Sharia Law - 2
• In addition to conduct for Muslim advises
on how to treat ______________.
• Jewish or Christians in Muslim areas are
considered
_________________________________
• Are to be respected
• Are to be protected by Islam
– ____________________________________
____________________________________
Dhimmi
• Historical term referring to non-Muslim
citizens of an Islamic state
• Word literally means “________________”
• Derived from a theoretical contract—
"dhimma" or
__________________________________
• Often had to pay a tax for being nonMuslim
Jizya - Qur'an (9:29)
• Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day,
nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by
Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion
of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book,
until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel
themselves subdued.
• Not always practiced today
• Islamic (ISIS) state does
• Ref:http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp
?chapter=9&verse=29
Quran vs Bible vs Torah
• Quran is God's final and complete
relevation
• Bible and Torah are partial versions
Muhammad - 1
• Born in Mecca about
570AD
• A successful merchant
• Married a wealthy widow
• Troubled by idol worship
and moral ills of Arab
society
• Had a vision when he
was 40 telling him to
proclaim the faith of Islam
• ____________________
Muhammad - 2
• Islam means _____________________
• Had a pilgrimage to _____________ to
spread faith
– Successful
– Turning point in Islam
– Destroyed idols
– Worked to unite Arabs
Died in 632
Muhammad - 3
• After Muhammad's
death elected the first
leader of Islam –
_________________
_________________
Women in Early Muslim Society
• Rights
• _________________________________
• “Whoever does right, whether male or
female, and is a believer, all shall enter the
Garden (Heaven)” – Quran
• Although spiritually equal not equal
socially and have
__________________________________
Women in Early Muslim Society-2
• Men ____________________
Islam spreads throughout the world
1
•
•
•
•
Started in Arabian Peninsula
Spread through ___________________
Religion unifies
Benefited from weakness of
____________
Islam spreads throughout the world
2
• Imposed _____________ on non-Muslims
• Janissaries
• Treatment depended on specific rulers
– Some harsh some fair
– Some allowed ______________________
– Spread as far as Europe, India and beyond
The Spread of Islam Stopped -1
• Islamic Invasion of
Europe stopped at
________ France
• 10 October 732
• _________________
defeats Muslim
invaders
• 30K Frankish
(French) vs 80K
Muslims
The Spread of Islam Stopped -2
• Decisive French
Victory
• Casualties 1,500
Christians; 10-12K
Muslims
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
The Spread of Islam Stopped - 3
• Despite defeat Muslim forces continued
their expansion, destroying the
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Took the __________________ and
threatened Central Europe
The Spread of Islam Stopped - 4
• Battle of Vienna
• 12 September 1683
• Between the
__________________________________
__________________________________
Battle of Vienna-1
• Ottomans were besieging Vienna
• If
__________________________________
_______________________ may be
abolished
• 84K+ Christians (allied as the Holy
League) arrive to break the siege
• They meet outside the gates of Vienna
Holy League at Battle of Vienna
• Allied against the
Ottomans
• Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth
• Austria
• German States
• About 84K soldiers
• Major Commander: John
Sobieski (Poland)
Ottomans at Battle of Vienna
• Ottoman Empire and
Allies
• Approximately
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Major commander:
Merzifonlu Kara
Mustafa Paşa
Battle of Vienna-2
• _________________
_________________
• Holy League 2K dead
• Ottomans 10K dead
– 5K prisoners
– All cannons lost
– __________________
Movements within Islam
• After Muhammad's death factions within
Islam arose
• Two major factions
• ________________________
• ________________________
Sunni - 1
• Sunnis felt the Caliph should be chosen by
leaders of the Muslim Community
• Caliph should be a
__________________________________
__________________________________
Sunni - 2
• Inspiration comes from the example of
Muhammad as recorded by his early
followers
• __________________________________
• Some scholars feel this sect is more
____________________ politically than
Shiites
Shiite - 1
• Believe the only
__________________________________
to the Prophet were descendents of
Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law,
Fatima and Ali
Shiite - 2
• Believe that descendents are divinely
inspired
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• Martyrdom need not be violent
Artistic and Literary in the Muslim
World -1
• Muslim religious leaders
________________the
painting or depiction of
God or religious figures
• Art is _______________
• Arabesque
• Calligraphy
• Architecture
– Domes, arches
Artistic and Literary in the Muslim
World - 2
• Literature
• Quran
Philosophy
• Philosophy
• Muslim scholars translated
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Tried to refine ideas
Mathematics
• Muslim scholars may have studied
mathematics before the Greeks and Indian
cultures
• _________________ from Arab word
“aljabr”
• Influenced European mathematicians
Astronomy
• Muslims had a set of astronomical tables
• ____________________ the
circumference of the Earth to within a few
thousand feet
• Set stage for navigational tools used by
Europeans to discover the New World
Medicine
• Built on knowledge acquired from the
Greeks
• Had an exam system to become doctors
• Had ____________________________
• Had equivalent to today’s emergency
rooms
Medicine
• Interaction between Muslims and
Crusaders brought
____________________________ in the
form of medical advancement
• Progressive medicine
– Treat the mind as well as the body
Crusades - 1
• Christianity vs Islam
• Many European Christians wanted to go to
pilgrimage to _____________________
• Sometimes Muslim rulers were tolerant of
this practice, other times not
Crusades - 2
• Eventually Pope Urban II asked the
Knights of Europe to recover the Holy
Land for Christendom in 1095
• _________________ falls to Crusader
armies
• Battles for Holy Land took place for almost
200 years
Crusades - 3
• Nine Crusades
• Establishment of
_________________________________
in Holy Land
• Eventually all Holy Land fell to Islam
Crusader Kingdoms
Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans were ______________speaking
• Captured Constantinople in 1453
• Expanded until they controlled most of
Middle east and Northern Africa
• Dissolved at the end of
__________________________________
Ottoman Empire at its Height
Classes in Ottoman Society - 1
• Men of ___________ (almost all Muslims)
– Lawyers, scientists, judges
• Men of ____________ (almost all
Muslims)
– Soldiers
Classes in Ottoman Society - 2
• Men of _______________ (any religion)
– Merchants, tax collectors, traders
• Men of ________________ (any religion)
– Farmers and herders
How Ottomans ruled Diverse
Population - 1
• Non-Muslims organized into
“____________”
• Millets are _______________
communities
– Millet leaders who handled religious duties
and minor legal issues
How Ottomans ruled Diverse
Population - 2
• Tax on Non-Muslims
– Janissaries in Balkan areas
• Required to turn over young sons
• Converted and militarized
– Young ______________ girls became slaves
in households
• Mostly Eastern European
• Word slave comes from the people of Eastern
Europe, “The Slavs”
The Great Ottoman Empire
Ends
• In the hundred years before its fall in 1918
Ottomans lose much of their European
empire
• “_______________________”
• Sided with Germany during World War I
• Arab revolts and Allied victories
• Turkey emerges out of the ruins
Ottoman Empire near the End
Summary
1."A coin in the coffer rings. a soul from purgatory springs."
-Johann Tetzel