Download Physiology: The Immune System

Physiology:
The Immune
System
Rahul V
Sara S
Joe A
Jasper C
Disease
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A disease is any change, other than an injury, that
disrupts the normal functions of the body.
A pathogen is a disease causing agent.
The agents of disease include: Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, Worms, and Fungi.
How are diseases spread?
 Physical
contact
 Contaminated food and water
 Infected animals
Koch’s Postulates
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The pathogen should always be found in the body of a
sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one
The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the
laboratory in pure culture.
When the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host,
they should cause the same disease that infected the
original host.
The injected pathogen should be isolated from the
second host. It should be identical to the original
pathogen.
Non-specific Immune
Response
 Lines
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of defense
First Line of Defense
The skin and mucus prevents entry into the body
Second Line of Defense
Inflammatory Response, White Blood Cells, and
Anti-microbial proteins.
Specific Immune Response
 PathogenMacrophageT
CellB Cell
Antibodies
 Macrophages engulf the pathogen.
 The Macrophages bring the pathogen to
the T Cells in order to tell the B Cells to
start producing antibodies.
 The antibodies then neutralize the
pathogens.
Immunity
 The
ability to fight infections by producing
cells that inactivate foreign substances.
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Active Immunity
The body’s reaction to a vaccine.
Passive Immunity
Antibodies produced by other organisms
are injected into another organism.
A vaccination is an injection of a
weakened or mild form of a pathogen to
produce immunity.
Allergies
 Allergies
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An overreaction by the Immune System to
a harmless substance. Some allergens
include pollen, dust, mold, etc.
One dangerous allergic reaction is Asthma.
Asthma causes your air passageways to
become more narrow, making it hard to
breath.
Immune System Diseases
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Autoimmune disease is a disease that causes the
body to attack itself, because your immune
system cannot differentiate your cells and the
invading pathogen.
AIDS is and Immunodeficiency Disease, meaning
that it attacks your immune system, making it hard
to defend against disease. AIDS slowly destroys the
number of Help T-Cells
Maintaining your Health
 In
order to stay healthy you should eat
healthy, exercise, rest, and stay away
from harmful activities.
 A risk factor is anything that will increases
the probability of getting a disease.
 Some risk factors include the quality of air
and water in your community. If your
water quality and air quality is bad, then it
is not a healthy environment.
Cancer
 Cancer
is a disease where your cells
multiply without stopping and destroy
healthy tissue.
 Cancer cells form when something goes
wrong with the enzyme that controls cells
growth and reproduction.
 Cancer cells will continue to grow and
form a tumor, the mass of growing tissue.
Multiple Choice
1.
A change that affects the normal
functions of a person’s body is a
a. disease
b. pathogen
c. toxin
d. vector
2. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi are known as
a. antibodies
b. antigens
c. pathogens
d. toxins
3. Which are not one of Koch’s postulates?
a. The pathogen must be isolated and
grown in the laboratory in pure
culture.
b. The pathogen is found in the body
of a sick organism and not a healthy
one.
c. If placed in a new host, the
cultured pathogens should not cause
the same disease.
d. The injected pathogen should be
isolated from the second host. It
should be identical to the original
pathogen.
4. The body’s most important nonspecific
defense is
a. saliva
b. mucus
c. tears
d. skin
5. What provides immunity against antigens
and pathogens in the body fluids?
a. T-cells
b. B-cells
c. Antibodies
d. Interferons
6. A substance that triggers an immune
response?
a. T-cells
b. B-cells
c. Antigens
d. Interferons
7. What is a vector?
a. Injection of a weakened or mild
form of a pathogen to produce
immunity.
b. Proteins that recognize and bind to
antigens
c. Animals that carry pathogens from
person to person
d. A substance that triggers the
immune response
8. What happens when the immune system
makes a mistake and attacks the body’s
own cells?
a. It produces autoimmune diseases.
b. It produces pathogens.
c. It produces an inflammatory
response.
d. None of the above.
9. Which are of the following are risk
factors?
a. Bad air quality.
b. Exposure to solar radiation.
c. Poisonous wastes in landfills.
d. All of the above.
10. Which of the following are important
factors in maintaining one’s health?
a. Staying updated on current events.
b. A healthful diet
C. Abstaining from harmful activities
d. b and c
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A
C
C
D
B
C
C
A
D
D