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Introduction to Physiology The Six Levels of Organization • Chemical level – Atoms • Cell Level • Tissue Level – A tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them • Organ Level – An organ is composed of 2+ tissue types that perform the same functions • Organ System Level – Organ system is a group of organs that have a common function (11 major organ systems) • Organism Level Homeostasis • Existence and maintenance of a constant internal environment • Mechanisms keep body temperature near an ideal normal range called set points. – The points need to remain in a normal range. Negative Feedback • Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted • Regulates most body systems • There are three components – Receptor – Control center – Effector Receptor • Monitors the value of some variables • Detects changes and sends message to the brain • Example: Blood pressure Control Center • Establishes the set points around which the variable is maintained • Receives messages and tells body how to react Effector • Can change the value of the variable • Example: Sweat, raise/lower blood pressure Positive Feedback • Rare • Creates a deviation further from the normal set point • Example: Natural birth Body Positions • Anatomical position – Face directed forward – Upper limbs hanging to the side, palms facing forward • Supine – A person lying face upwards • Prone – A person lying face downwards Directional terms of the trunk • Superior = Cephalic – Up, towards the head • Inferior = Caudal – Down, towards the “tail” • Posterior =Dorsal – Back side • Anterior = Ventral – Front, belly side Directional terms of the trunk • Medial – Towards the midline • Lateral – Away from the midline Directional terms of the limbs • Proximal – Nearest the point of attachment • Distal – Furthest from the point of attachment Planes • Sagittal – Separates a body into a left and right – Midsagittal/Median • Separates body into equal left and right halves – Parasagittal • Unequally divides left and right sides • Transverse = Horizontal – Horizontally divides body into superior and inferior portions (top and bottom) • Frontal = Coronal – Vertically divides body into anterior and posterior portions (front and back) – Face remains intact Body Cavities • The trunk contains 3 large cavities: – Thoracic • Surrounded by rib cage • Partition called the mediastinum separates left and right parts • Mediastinum contains the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus • Abdominal cavity – Contains most of the digestive tract • Pelvic cavity – Located within the pelvic bones • The pelvic and abdominal cavities are not physically separated and are sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity Serous Membranes • Membrane that lines trunk cavities and organs • Serous membranes are made of 2 layers: –Visceral serous is in contact with internal organs –Parietal serous lines the walls of the cavity • The thoracic cavity contains 3 serous membrane – lined cavities: –1 Pericardial cavity –2 Pleural cavities The Pericardial Cavity • Surrounds the heart • The visceral pericardium touches and covers the surface of the heart, which is contained within the parietal pericardium. The Pleural Cavities • Surrounds each lung • Each lung is covered by visceral pleura, which is contained within a parietal pleura. The Peritoneal Cavity • Covers the abdominopelvic cavity • Each organ is covered by a visceral peritoneum, which is located within the parietal peritoneum.